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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

ChaiiEJJSCopymht No. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 



J 



A 

SCHOOL HISTORY 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES 



REVIEW OUTLINES, BLACK BOARD FORMS AND OTHER DEVICES 
TO AID IN THE SUCCESSFUL PRESENTATION OF THE SUBJECT 



HENRY E. CHAMBERS 

AT.THOR OF " A HK^HER HIsTORV OF THE UNITED STATES," ETC., ETC. 



REVISED EDITION 



UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY 

NEW YORK— NEW ORLEANS 






///S TOKICA L TEX T- BOOK'S 

Hv H. K. CHAMBERS 

A School History ok thk United States. (For Primary Classes.) 

A Higher History of the United States. (For Intermediate, 

Grammar and High School Classes.) 
A Topic Gludh to the Study of American History. 

UNIVERSITV PUr.l.lSHIXr, CO., Pi Bi.isHEKs, New York 



H748 



CoPVKir.HT, TS87, l>.\ 

F. F. HANSELL & PRO. 



C oi'VKiGHT, i8q8, hv 

rxivERsrrv publishing company 







1898, 



Pret 



ace, 



Few school histories liave been written from tlie standpoint of 
those who mast teach the suhject in our common schools. The 
only pnrpose of the majority of the text-hooks on this snl)ject 
seems to have heen to present an attractive story from the point of 
view of a story-teller. This is indeed, essential, and any school 
history wdiich fails to j^resent an interesting story w411 fail to win a 
place in popular esteem. But the teacher recognizes a necessity 
for something more. The teacher demands not only that the 
school history shall he a story so simple as to he easily understood, 
and so well told as to attract the children who study it, hut it 
must he a text-hook so arranged that they will readily learn the 
leading facts of history. 

As a teacher, the author felt the defects of the text-hooks on 
this suhject in the hands of his classes, and expedients which he 
found valuable in his every-day work are incorporated in this 
volume. It is not based upon mere theories, hut upon actual 
class-room experience. To this the author attributes the popu- 
larity of the first edition of the book from the day of its pub- 
lication. 

In the development of the author's method the following special 
features invite the attention of the teacher : 

An Introduction, to be read by pupils, so as to awaken interest 
in the study of history and to give a general idea of what is to 
follow ; 

Blackboard Forms, wliich furuisli a valuable training in analysis 
and assist the memorv ; 



IV rKKFACK. 

lVe})aratorv (ieogi-ai)liy Questions, wliicli compel the pupil to 
familiarize liimself with the geography of each section of the 
country before he studies its history : 

Questions at the end of eaeh chapter, so worded as to require 
a more complete answer than •* Yes " or " No *" : 

Ixeview Outlines, answering (as do the blackboard forms) the 
purpose of teachers who employ the topic method ; 

Eeview Questions after each Period, and also a tinal set, to test 
the pupil's familiarity Avith the whole subjetn. 

These })oints were the characteristic features of this volume 
when it was tirst })uhlished : they have been retained in the revised 
edition. 

Xo material changes have been made in the text, yet much has 
been done in the direction of greater simplicity of language. The 
great improvement in typogra])hy and illustrations will be lu^ed 
with satisfaction by the many friends whom this little work has 
made among the teachers. In its present im})roved form both 
author and ])ublishers sincerely trust it will be found a text-book 
upon American history })erfectly adapted Ic the needs of primaiy 
classes. 

n. K. r. 

Boys' High School, Xew Orleans. La. 



Goi^tei^ts, 



iNTUOnUCTIOX 



I'AGK 

1 



I.-PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 

ER 

l._CnUISTOPHER COLtMBUS 

1I._What Columbus Discovered 
III._The Man who Discovered the Mainland . 
lY —The Man after whom America was Named 
V. —Spanish Explorations . . . - • 
YI —The Man who Discovered Florida . 
Yii.— The ^Fan who Discovered the Mississippi Kiver 
Yiil. -French, English, and Ditch Explorations . 



IX.- 

X.- 

XI.- 

XII.- 

XIII.- 

XIV.- 

XV. 

XVI. 

XVII. 

XVIII.- 

XIX. 

XX. 

XXI. 



Il.-PERIOD OF SETTLEMENT^ 

-The Nations that Colonized America 
-The First Quarrel over Territory . 
-The Lost Colony of America 
-The First Permanent English Settlement 
-The Father of Virginia . . . • 
-Events of Early Virginia 1Iistoi{Y . 
-Early History of New York 

-Puritans and Pil(;rims 

-Other New En(;land Settlements 
-Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsvlvanlv 

-Maryland 

-Carolina and CiH)K(;rA 

-Louisiana 



38 
40 
42 
40 
4S 
51 
55 
58 
6>3 

m 

(58 



vl 



CONTENTS. 



III.-PERIOD OF COLONIAL GROWTH. 

CUAI'TEi; I'AtJK 

XXII, — Colonial Jealoujsies 82 

XXIII.— TuE GuEAT Virginian 8-1 

XXIV, — The Great Quarrel over Territory 87 

XXV, — English Defeats 89 

XXVI. — English Successes 92 

XXVII,— Results of the War 9;") 



IV. -PERIOD OF THE REVOLUTION. 



XXVIII. — AVuY THE Colonists Resisted 
XXIX,— Getting Ready . , , . 
XXX, — The First Battle 
XXXI. — Driving the British from Boston' 
XXXII.— The War for Independence . 
XXXIII. — Washington .... 
XXXIV. — Gates and Lincoln . 

XXXV. — Greene 

XXXVI. — The Last Battle of the Wak 



99 
102 
105 
108 
111 
114 
119 
122 
126 



v.— PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 



PART FIRST— UNION 

XXXVII.— The Union of States 
XXX\'I1I.— The First Four Presidents 
XXXIX.— The War of 1812 
XL.— Land Battles . 
XLL— Naval Battles . 
XLII. — The Battle of New Orleans 
XLIIL— The Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Presidents 

XLIV.— Tariff 

XLV.— The Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Presidents 



131 
184 
140 
143 
140 
150 
156 
160 
163 



CONTENTS. vii 

CHAPTER PAGE 

XLVL— Texas , .... 166 

XLVIL— War with Mexico 169 

XLVIII.— The Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth 

Presidents 175 

XLIX.— Slavery 178 



PART SECOND— DISUNION. 

L. — Leaving the Union , . . 183 

LI. — The First Important Battle 189 

LII.— The War in the West 192 

LIIL— The War in Virginia 197 

LIV. — The Last of the War 204 

LV. — The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Presidents .... 209 

PART THIRD— REUNION. 

LVI. — The Eighteenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-first 

Presidents 215 

LVII. — The Twenty-second, Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth and 

Twenty-fifth Presidents 220 

LVIIL— The United States of To-day ....... 226 



APPENDIX. 

Declaration of Independence . 233 

Index ... 239 



Illastratior^s, 



l'A(iE 

Map Sliowing Territorial (irowth . . Frondspiece 

Headpioco—Introdnction 1 

Of Indian Lift' 2 8 

Headpiece— Discovery 9 

Ferdinand 11 

Isabella 11 

Colnmbus 13 

Leaving the Island 14 

The Santa Maria 15 

The World as Known in the Time of Colum- 
bus 17 

Sebastian Cabot 18 

Americus Vespucius 20 

Cortez 22 

Balboa Taking Possession of the Pacific 

Ocean 28 

Landing of Ponce de Leon 25 

UeSoto 28 

The Burial of !).• Soto 29 

La Salle Taking Formal Possession of Lou- 
isiana 32 

Half Moon on the Hudson 33 

Headpiece— Settlement 38 

Old Gates of St. Augustine 41 

Croatan 44 

Ruins of Jamestown 47 

Captain John Smith 49 

Pocahontas Interceding for Smith 50 

Dutch Traders Selling Negroes to Settlers. . 53 

Peter Stuyvesant 56 

The Mayflower 59 

Landing of the Pilgrims GO 

Miles Standish 01 

Roger Williams and the Xarragansetts G3 

The Charter Oak 64 

William Penn 07 

Catholics Colonizing Maryland 70 

James Oglethorpe 73 



Founding of New Orleans 

La Salle 

Headpiece — Colonial (irowtli 

Washington's Danger 

Braddock and Captain Jack 

Montcalm 

Wolfe 

Wolfe's Army Ascending the Heights. . 

Headpiece- Revolution 

Boston Tea Party 

Patrick Henry 

A Minute Man 

Paul Revere Watcliing for the Signal. . . 

Fortifying Breed's Hill 

Continental Paper ^loney 

Lafayette 

DeKalb 

Benjamin Franklin 

Washington Crossing tlie Delaware 

The Outpost 

Greene 

Morgan 

Gates. 

Sumter 

Marion 

Col. Henry Lee 

Pickens 

George Washington of Virginia 

Headpiece— Independence 

George Washington 

John Adams 

Tiiomas Jefferson 

James Madison 

Impressment of American Sailors 

Croghan's Defence of Fort Stephenson. 

" Don't Give up the Ship '" 

Battle of New Orleans 

James Monroe 



78 
82 
86 
90 
93 
93 
94 
99 
101 
103 
104 
106 
108 
109 
112 
112 
113 
117 
119 
120 
120 
121 
122 
123 
123 
124 
127 
131 
135 
136 
137 
138 
141 
144 
148 
151 
156 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



rAGE 

John Qniiicy Adams 137 

Aiiflrew Jackson 157 

Black Hawk 158 

Early American Railroad Train 158 

Machines for Spinning Cotton 161 

Machines for Carding Cotton 161 

Martin Van Buren 163 

William Henry Harrison 164 

John Tyler 164 

Daniel Webster 165 

The Alamo 167 

(ieneral Sam Houston 167 

James K. Polk 169 

'• General Taylor Never Snrrenders ■" 171 

Crossing the Rocky Mountains 172 

Zacliary Taylor 175 

Millard Fillmore 176 

John C. Calhoun 176 

Franlvlin Pierce 177 

James Buchanan 1 77 

Henry Clay 180 

Headpiece— Disunion 183 

Jefferson Davis 184 

Alexander H. Stephens 185 

P. G. T. Beauregard 185 

Bombardment of Fort Sumter 186 

Joseph E. Johnston 189 

McDowel' 190 



PAGE 

The First Battle of Manassas, or Bull Run. . 191 

Albert Sidney Johnston 193 

Braxton Bragg 194 

George H. Thomas 194 

Battle of Shiloh J95 

George B. McClellan 198 

Robert E. Lee 199 

" Stonewall '' Jackson 200 

George G. Meade 201 

The Famous Charge at Gettysburg 202 

Battle Between the Virginia and the Moni- 
tor 204 

Ulysses S. Grant 206 

John B. Hood 207 

The Confederate Flag 208 

Abraham Lincoln 210 

Andrew Johnson 211 

Headpiece— Reunion 215 

Western Fort and Trading Post 216 

Rutherford B. Hayes 217 

James A. Garfield ... 217 

Chester A. Arthur 218 

Statue of Liberty 221 

Grover Cleveland 222 

Benjamin Harrisor 223 

William McKinley 226 

The Jetties 227 

Battleship Oregon 228 




T^Mir- ^ ^7 '^iiiii'""""^ ~ 



Ii^tPodUctioi^. 

Not very long ago, America 
was the land of the red men, 
or Indians. They did not 
call their land America. They did not call themselves 
Indians. But at one time they owned the whole country, 
and there was not a A\'hite man on the continent, from 
the Arctic Ocean to Cape Horn. 

Nol)ody kno\vs an here these Indians came from, or how 
long they had lived here. They Avere very ignorant, and 
could not read or Avrite. The true story of their race, 
which the hrst comers told to their children, was forgotten 
in the many years that passed a\ hile these people Avere 
shut off by great oceans from the rest of the Avorld. 

The Indians \vere a dark-skinned race, tall, with straight 
Llack hair and high cheek bones. We call them red 



INTKODUCTIOX. 




^r 




day Ave call Mexico 



men, l)Ut tliey were not really 
red. They were of a dull cop- 
per color, and all belonged to 
tlie same race, tlioiigli tliey 
Avere divided into several na- 
tions AvLicli spoke different 
lano'uag^es and had different cus- 
toms. Eacli nation was divided 
into tribes, and eacli tribe liad a 
chief, sometimes a great w/irrior, 
sometimes a wise man. 

Those Indian nations ^vho 
lived in the countries which to- 
and Pern were by far the most 
intelligent. They built stone houses and temples, jjlanted 
and cultivated fields. They" made pretty ornaments of 
mother-of-pearl, of copper, and of gold and silver. They 
made fanciful earthenware dishes of clay and stone, and 
could even weave cloth. AVe have veiy little interest in 
these Indians because, excepting a few settlements in the 
southwest, they 
did not live in 
the land that 
Ave now own. ^eim^^ ^ N ^H ^^ ^ - ^ ^ ^ "I'"- 

The Indian 
nations that oc- 
cupied the part 

O I -A. m eric a long house of the iroquois. 




INTRODUCTION. 



wliich is our home to-day 
were savages. They did not 
know hoAv to l)uiki stone 
houses as did the red men 
of Mexico. They usuall}^ 
lived in small liuts made of 
the l)ark of trees, or in 
tents which they called wig- 
wams, and which were made 
of the skins of animals. 
These ^vigwams or huts Avere 
placed near together, form- 
ino' a sort of villao-e. Some- 
times one h)no; liouse was 
built, and many families 
would live together in it. 

The Indian men called 
themselves wai'riors, and 
Avere fond of fio^htino; and 
hunting, Ijut they Avere not 
industrious and \vould not 
Avork. They had no farms 
or plantations, but lived 
chieiiy on game, beri'ies, and those plants which grow 
wild in tlie Avoods. 

The Indian Avomen, or S(pia\vs, as they were called, 
did all the hard work. They planted little patches of 
corn and vegetables. They had no plows or hoes, but 




A FLORIDA INDIAN WARRIOR. 



lNTROl>rCTI0X. 



would break up the grouiul Avitli sliarp-poiuted sticks. 
They iiuuU^ bowls of clay, baskets of split caue, aud deer- 
skin slippers wliich they called moccasins and Avore for 
shoes. They gathered the ^\ ood to make tlie lire, and 
did all the cooking. Meat and lish Avere 1.)roiied over the 
coals. Ears of corn, Avhen green, were roasted in hot 
ashes. AVheu dry and hard, tlie grains Avere ]^)onnded 

between stones so as to make 
a sort of coarse corn-meal. 
This meal Avas mixed Avith 
Avater and made into cakes 
AA'hich Avere cooked on hot 
stones or in the ashes. Fire 
Avas obtained hy rul)bing 
dry sticks of Avood together 
imtil they blazed. 

An Indian babyAvas called 
a pap<.)Ose, and it had a 
pretty hard time. It Avas 
Avrapped in skins and tied to a board, (»r l)undled u[) in 
a basket. AVhen the mother Avas at A\'ork. the bundle 
Avas liung u[) in a tree, or on the side of the AvigAvam, so 
that no harm could come to the little one. A\'ht-n the 
tribe traveled, she carried her [)a]>oose on her back. 

Around every village many little Indian boys and 
girls Avere playing all day long. They did not go to 
school. They had no books to read, no pretty clothes to 
Avear. As soon as they Avere old enough, the girls helped 





1 

> i 

•^ i 

L 


y^^^^ 


INDIAM COOKlNC^ 


1 



IM'KODUCTIOX. 



tlieir mothers, while the boys Avere taught to use 
the how and alTo^v, set traps, catch hsh, and en- | 
dure liardshii)s, so that they niio-ht in time be- ^ 
come Avarriors like their fathers. Q 

Both the AN arriors and squaAvs Avere A'ery fond | 
of bright colors and ornaments. Besides the i 
feathers of birds, the}' Avore l)elts, chains, and 
strings of pretty beads of ditferent colors. These 
beads \vere made from the inside of shells by 
iiU'indinu" oft' the I'ousrh outer coA^erinu* a^-ainst a 
piece of" hard stone. It recpiired a great deal of 
time to make a single bead, so that it Avas prized 
A'ery liio-hh', not onh' for its beaut \', but for the 
time and labor it representml. These beads Avere 
called Avampum, and Avei'e used as money. TIica' 
had no silyer or gold coin : but eyery Indian avIio had 
anything to sell Avas Avilling to take beads in payment 
for it. 

The Indians kncAV nothing of guns, powder, or bullets. 
They made l:>o\vs and arroANs tipped Avith stone, Avith 
Avhicli they killed game. The skins of animals Avere 
tanned A'erA' niceb' and made into clothinir. The feathers 
of birds Avere used as ornaments for tlieir persons and 

f o 1' their 



pipes. For 
fishing, they 
used hooks 
m a d e of 



•TRIXG OF 
WA.MPUJI. 




BIRCH-BAKK CANOE. 



INTKODFCTIOX. 



Lone, or nets of bark til)i'e, and tliey moved about from 
place to place in the forests where game was abundant, 
or near tlie rivers Avliere there ^\'ere j^l^nty of fish. They 
made very graceful canoes of birch l)ark, and some not 

so gi'aceful hollo\ved out of the 
body of a tree. 

As these Indian men Avere Avar- 
riors and loved fighting, the tribes 
Avere constantly at war with one 
Avar Avas declared by sending a 
Avith arrows. When a tri])e Avas 




TOMAIIAM K OK SHKLL. 



another. Sometime? 

rattlesnake-skin tillec 

al)out to go out to figlit, the warri(.)rs Avould paint their 

faces and bodies \vith rlay of ditferent C(dors, tlunking 

that this Avould tei'rify their tMiemies. They Avould move 

stealthily through the Avoods, one behind tlie other, often 

stepping m the same ti'ack, so as to leave no trail l)ehind. 

Coming thi'ough the Avoods in this Avay, scarcely breaking 

a tNvig or a leaf in their mai'ch, they Avould fall suddenly 

u[)on their enemies a\ itli a terribk' yell, or Avould send a 

shower of arroAvs at 

them from btdiind 

trees and kuslu's. 

They fouglit Avitli 

clubs or Avitli bows 

and arrows, and A\ith hatchets, caUed tomahawks, made of 

stone or sludl. 

Tlie\ had sharp knives made of split cane. Kach Avar- 
rior ^\ho had killed an enenn' in the tiu'ht would cut 




intkoduction: 




fALUMET. 



oft' tlie scalp — that is, tlie skin on the top of tlie liead — 
aiul wear it in his belt as an ornament, or hang it np in 
his w igwani ^vhen he i-etnrned home. They were very 
crnel to their prisoners, and often ])nt them to death 
Avitli tej'rible torture. 

As the arrow ^^as an end)lem of Avai*, so the pipe was 
an emblem of peace ; and when a tri])e wanted to form an 
alliance of friendshi[) 
Avitli another, it was 
customary to send a 
pipe of peace. The 
^varriors of friendly 
tribes woidd sit to- 
gether around the lire and smoke their pipes of peace. 
These pipes ^vere made in fancy shapes and decorated 
with feathers, and were called calumets. 

For more than a thousand years these red men lived 
in the land that is our home to-day, and hunted in the 
great forests that grew Avliere our cities and to^vns now 
stand. Durino; all these years the white men lived in 
Europe, in AVestern Asia, and in Northern Africa. They 
believed there was no land in the ^vorld except those 
continents and the adjoining islands. They had never 
heard of the red man and the great continent on which 
he lived. 

A charming story tells us how the wliite race ftrst 
found out that the land of the red man lay beyond the 
ocean. It also tells how a few white men came to this 



B INTRODUCTION. 

land and settled along its shores; how their settlements 
grew larger and larger until the I'ed nien were driven 
back into the mountains ; and, finally, hoAv the white 
men established their own government in this country, 
cleared a^s ay forests, planted fields and orchards, started 
furnaces and factories, founded great cities, built long 
lines of railroads and telegra^^hs, and made this country 
one of the greatest on earth. 

This story is told in the pages that follo^v. It is 
called history, and is just like other stories, except that 
it tells about real men and real events. It ouo:lit to be 
most interesting to us, because it is the story of our own 
country. 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter I. 

Turn to a map of Europe. Where is Italy? Spain? France? In 
w'liat part of Italy is Genoa? In what part of Spain is Palos ? In what 
two directions might you go from Spain to reach the southeastern ])art of 
Asia ? In going west from Spain, what two oceans would you cross before 
reaching Asia ? Turn to a 7nap of Africa and find the Canary Islands. In 
what direction are they from the southwestern part of Spain ? 2\irn to 
a ma}) of the United States and tiud the Bahama Islands. In what direc- 
tion are they from the Canary Islands ? 




First Period: 



13iscoVery 



CHAPTER I. 



( IIRISTOPIIER ('OLU]\rBUS. 



1. On the tliird day of August, 
1492, three small vessels sailed 
from the little town of Palos, Spain. The names of these 
vessels were the Pinta [pen'tah], the Nina [nen'yah], 
and the Santa Maria [mah-re'ah]. The captain of the 
Santa Maria, the largest of the three, was Christopher 
Columbus. Two brothers named Pinzon commanded 
the other two, but all were under the direction of 
Columbus. 

2. Ninety sailors ^vere upon these vessels. They were 
starting upon a very remarkable voyage. They were 



10 KTKST VKKK^D I DTSOWEUY. 

about to oi'os>5 an ocean Nxliicli, to their knowledge, had 
never l>eeii ero^^sed. This voyage made Columbus one of 
the most famous men tliat ever lived. Let us learn some- 
thing about him. 

.*5. Christoj>her Colund)us was born at (lenoa, Italy, 
lie went to seliool until he was fourteen years old, then 
beeame a sailor, and folU)wed the sea for tifteen years. 
People in tliose (hiys did not know as mueh about the 
earth as ^^ e do now. They imagined it to be tlat, some 
even supposing it to be not only tiat, but sipiare, with 
four corners. 

4. Cobnubus liad reas^ui to believe otherwise. While 
making liis voyages he thought over the matter a great 
deal, lie tinally came t«> the eonelusion that the earth is 
not Hat, Imt round like a globe. 

5. Ill the time i^( Columbus the southeastern part of 
Asia ^\ as know n as the Indies. Here ^vere found gold, 
preeimis stones, silks, and spiees. To get these valuable 
articles Europeans made long joui'neys by land : and to 
reach the Indies they traveled east. AVhen Columbus 
came to the concbisioii that the earth is ivnind, he thought 
that a s]u>rter \\ay to reach the Indies would be to sail 
west on tlu^ Atlantic (^(*ean. lie therefore resolved to 
make siu-h a \«>yage. 

C>. (\)lunibiis was \ery poor. He had no vessel of his 
ow 11. \\ hen ho spokt^ of the earth beinu" round, ignorant 
jHH^]>le, and many who Avere considered very wise, thought 
him crazv, and ridiculed him. lie made elforts to obtain 



CllKlSTOlMIKR COLrMliUS. 



11 




nssisljnuH'. He first went to Oeiioa, tlieii to the king of 
Portugal, then to tlii' king of Spain; but for a k)ng time 
li(^ could get no one to listen to liini or help kini. 

7. At last Queen Isabella, wife of 
tlie king of Spain, w as persuaded to 
assist liini. Slie did not have tlie 
money, but by offering to pledge lier 
jewels she obtained enongli to ht out 
three vessels for Cobnnbus. These 
wei'e the three vessels w itl» \vhieh hr 
set sail from Palos. fkki.inam). 

8. Cohnnbus stopped at the C^a- 

nary Islands a little ^^'hile, and then sailed westward. 
Day after day passed a\ ith nothing to be seen but sea 
and sky. The sailors became very uneasy, and tried to 

make (Vdundjus turn back. 
But refusing to listen to them, 
he sailed on. At last their fear 
Avas s(^ great that they threat- 
ened to throw him overl)oard if 
he \\()ul(l not return. With 
much ditHculty he })ersnaded 
them to l)e patient and give 
him a little more time. 

0. A\^hen the time had ex- 
])iied, signs of land, appeared. 
A ])ranch tilled A\-ith berries went floating by, and from 
this the sailors knew that land nuist be near. On the 




ISABELLA. 



12 FIRST PERIOD t DTSrOVERV. 

iiiofht of the 11 til of October, lio-lits Avere seen moviiio; 
along what appeared to be a shore. AVheii daylight 
came, all were overjoyed to find land in sight. The man 
who first saw land was Rodiwo Triana. The land seen 
was one of the Bahama Islands. 

Questions. — W^hat were tlie names of the vessels witli which Colum- 
bus sailed ? How many sailors did he have ? What ocean was he about 
to cross ? Tell something about Columbus himself. What did Columbus 
conclude to be the shape of the earth ? Where did lie expect to go ? Whj^ 
did people in those days go to the Indies ? To whom did Columbus go for 
aid ? What queen befriended him ? Wiiat islands did he first reach from 
Palos ? What troubles did he have after leaving these islands ? What 
islands appeared in sight on the 12th of October ? Who first saw land ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter IT. 

Where are the Bahama Islands ? Where is Cuba ? Hispaniola or Havti ? 
In what direction is Spain from Ilayti ? W^hcre is Jamaica ? In what 
direction is .lamaica from Spain ? Spain from Jamaica ? In what part of 
South America is the Orinoco River ? Where is the Isthmus of Darien ? 
Where are the West Indies ? 

CHAPTER II. 

WHAT COLUMBUS DISCOYEKED. 

1. AYlien the sailors saw land, they felt very sorry for 
the tronble they had caused their captain during the 
voyage. Columbus was so pleased with having succeeded 
in his voyage that lie gave them all full pardon. 



\viiAT coT.r:^ir>rs dtscoyekkd. 



13 



2. Wlien.Cohiinbiis landed, tlie first tiling lie did was 
to kneel and thank God for his success. He then took 
possession of the island in the name of Ferdinand and 
Isabella, king and (jueen of Spain. 

3. He found a race of people on the island that were 
(1 a r k - s k i n n e d . 

They were gentle 
and kind. They 
looked upon Co- 
lumbus and his 
men \vitli great 
wonder. They 
thought the shi|)s 
of the Spaniards 
^vere laro-e birds 
and that the sails 
^N'ere wings. 

4. The natives 
called their island 
(luanahani. Co- 
lumbus named it 




COLUMBUS. 



San Salvador. As 

he thought he had reached the Indies, he called the 

people Indians. 

5. Columbus liegan to search for gold and precious 
stones, but found none. He then erected a large cross on 
the beach, after which he left the island and made other 
discoveries. 



14 



FiK'sr PKRioi) : iiisrovERV 



0. lie soon reached Cuba aud sailed along- its sliores. 
Tlien lie came to llayti, Avliieli lie named Ilispaniola. 
Here the Santa ]Maria was ^\ reeked. Here, also, Colum- 
Inis left thirtv-five of his men to form a settlement. The 
fort theyl)uilt Avas called La Xavidad, and the settlement 
was afterwards named Isabella in honor of the (jueen. 

T. Leavino' to the settlers the ruined Santa Maria, an itli 
A\ liicli to make a fort, he sailed for Sj>ain. lie took with 
him man\ tlihii^'s, snch as an.imals, fruli, and birds, to 
show to the kini:-. lie also took some of the Indians. 

S. A\dien (\)hnnl)us returned to Spain, the king and 
queen and the ])eople paid him many honors. He now 
found no dithculty in get- 
ting ships, and soon 1^ 
set oft' on another voyage. ^., 

9. He reached Havti, C^ 

and found that his colo- ^^..!''''''-v'^ 
uists liad been killed. 




■7^ 



.EAVlXi; THK ISl-ANU. 



WHAT COLUMBUS DISCOVERED. 



15 



They had ill-treated the natives after the departure of 
Columbus, and the natives had avenged themselves by 
destroying the colonists. 

10. Columbus discovered Jamaica on his second voy- 
age. On his third, he discovered South America near 




THE SANTA MARIA. 



the mouth of the Orinoco River, and on his fourth, the 
Isthnuis of Darien. 

11. (\)lund)us died without ]vno\vino: that the land he 
discoN cred a\ as not India. AVe noAV have two Indies in 
the ^^'orld, the Indies of Asia and the Indies that Colum- 
bus discovered. One is called the East and the other the 
AA'est Indies. Colundjus gave to Spain a NeAV AVorld. 



16 



FiEST period: discovery. 



Blackboard Form. 

i San Salvador. 
149i>, . Cuha. 

Voyaqes of Colunibus. -^ , .,..> r ' • 
^ '' ' ' 149o, Jamaica. 

1498, South America. 

1502, Central America. 



Questions. — Wliat effect upon the sailors bad the siglit of huul ] Tell 
about the peoi)lc on the island. What did they think the ships -were ? 
What name did Columbus give the island upon which he first landed ? 
What did the natives call it ? What colony did Columbus plant ] What 
happened to it ? What did Columbus take l)ack to Spain with him ? 
How was he received ? IIow many voyages did Columbus make ? Upon 
what voyage did he discover Cuba ? Hayti ? Jamaica? South America? 
Isthmus of Darien ? Which of the two Indies did Columbus discover ? 
What did Columbus give to Spain ? 

Write the Blackboard Form for the voyages of Columbus. 



GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

rRKl'ARATOllV TO TUl-: SXL'DY OF CHAFTEU 111. 

Turn fo (I tntip or Eoroin' ov refer to a (jlohc. In what part of England 
is Bristol ] In what part of Europe is Venice ? What ocean lies between 
Europe and America ? Turn to a map of Xorth Aiuevic<(. Where is Labra- 
dor ? Which is greater, the distance from Spain to San Salvador, or from 
England to Labrador ? AVhero is the Strait of Belle Lie ? Where is New- 
foundland I Turn tod lit, ip of the Vnited Sttdes and nm^ MaryJand. What 
course would a vessel take in exploring the coast of America, from Labrador 
to Maryland I Trace it. What European nation now owns Labrador ] 
Newfoundland? Canada? What are the two divisions of the Western 
Continent ? 



THE MAX WHO DISCOVERED THE MAINLAND. 



i: 



CHAPTER III. 



THE MAX AVHO DISCOVERED THE MAINLAND. 



1. About the time that CohiDibiis discovered America, 
there lived at Bristol, England, a Venetian merchant 
named John Cabot. AVhen he learned that land had 

been found Ivy sailing 
west, he also was 
tilled ^vith a de- 
sire to go upon 
a voyage of 
discovery. 

2. Cabot 
thought that 
if the earth 
is rouiul, the 
further north 
the Atlantic 
Ocean ^v a s 
^^^ c 1' o s s e d , the 
shorter would l^e 
the voyao-e. Obtainimr 
permission from Henry 
YH., King of England, 
he set sail from Bristol to carry out liis ne^^' idea. 

3. His son Sebastian went ^vith him. They sailed 
directly west. After passing through several storms, 




MAP SHOWING THE WORLD AS KNOWN IN 
THE TIME OF COLUMBUS. 



18 



FIKST rKKIOD: DISCOVERY. 



tliey readied tlie western coiitiiieiit at a })oiiit now sup- 
posed to be Cape Breton Island. 

4. This discovery was made June 24, 1497, about 
fourteen months l^efore Columbus reached the mainland 
of South America. The land discovered was called 
Prima Vista, which means " tirst seen.'' 

5. Tlie region was bleak and barren. The Cabots felt 

sure it was not the Indies, 
but a new-found land. After 
exploring the coast of the 
mainland for some distance, 
they returned to England to 
tell of the discovery. 

6. The king ^vas much 
j)leased, and gave them per- 
mission to make another voy- 
a2:e. Sebastian Cabot Avent 
upon the second A'oyage and 

became its cliief man. In ]\Iay, 1498, he sailed for 

Labrador with three hundred men. 

7. Finding the wt^ather very cold when he arrived 
there, he turned toward tlie south. lie sailed along the 
shores of what is no\\ the Tnited States, until he reached 
the southern bomulai'y of what is now ^[aryland. He 
then returned to England. 

8. These discoveries \vere very inq^ortant. The Cab- 
ots were the first Europeans to reach the mainland of 
the western continent, and it was throuii'li their discov- 




JKBASTIAN CABOT. 



THE ]\IAX AFTER WHO:V[ A^rERlCA WAS NAMED. 19 

eries that England aftei'\\ard claimed the greater part of 
North America. 

9. Sebastian Cabot is known in history as a skillful 
and brave sailor. He has been called tlie Great Seaman. 
If Columbus ga\'e a new world to Spain, Cabot gave to 
Eno'laiid a o-reat continent. 

Questions.— Who was Jolui Cabot? What was his son's name? 
What hind did John and Sebastian discover ? How long was this before 
Columbus discovered Soutli America ? What was the character of the 
land ? What was the land first seen called ? When and where did Sebas- 
tian Cabot explore the east coast of North America ? What did England 
claim in consequence of these discoveries ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter IV. 

Turn to a nwp of the United States. Where is the District of Colum- 
bia ? In what part of South Carolina is the city of Columbia? In what 
])art of Ohio is the city of Columbus ? Where is tlie Columbia River ? 
Tm-n to (t map of South America. AVhere is the United States of Colom- 
bia ? Upon what ocean would a navigator sail in exploring the east coast 
of South America ? 

CHAPTEK IV. 

THE .AIAN AFTP:R Wn03r A^rElUCA WAS NA:\rET*). 



1. Although Columbus discovered the New AVorl 



his name was not given to it. Rivers, cities, and countries 
have been named in his honor, but the continent itself is 
known as xVmei'ica, It was so called after Americus 
Ves])ucius. 



20 



FIRST period: discovery, 




2. Vespucius wus auotlier European wlio felt a desire 
to make discoveries after tlie New AVorld liad been 
found. In 14U9, two years after tlie discovery by the 
Cabots, and one \ car after CVdumbus liad reached South 
America, he crossed tlie western ocean. 

3. lie sailed several hundred miles aloiiu' the shores of 
South Ameiica, and made ex[)l()rations. He found the 
land beautiful and fertile, and he Avrote a number 

of letters o-iviuo- an account of his 
voyau'e and describinii' what he had 
seen. 

4. These letters were afterwards 
made public. They were the first 
published description of the New 
World. Many persons in Europe read 
them, and came to know, for the iirst 
time, about tlie land beyond the At- 
huitic. 
5. Pe<)[)le then l)eu"an to speak of the land described 
bv Vespucius as the hind of Americus. In 151^7, a Ger- 
man o-eoL^-raplier named \\'aldsee-Muller pi'inted a little 
book, and in it called the land America. It has l)orne 
Tiiis name ever since. 



AMEUK IS VESPlCirs. 



Questions. — After ^vhom Avas America named ? Where and when did 
Americus Ve.si)ucius nuikc his explorations? How did tlie land appear? 
What was the result of his letters of description ? How long after Colum- 
bus did Vespucius reach South America? What did he write? Who 
read these letters ? How were letters and books ])ul)lished at this time :' 
Who tirst named the Xew World America ? 



SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. 21 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter V. 

Turn to a map of North America. Where is Mexico ? In what direc- 
tion from Hayti is tlie Isthnius of Darien ? In crossing tins istlimus from 
the Caribbean Sea, what ocean would you come to ? Turn to a map of 
South America. Where is Peru ? Where is tlie Strait of Magellan ? In 
sailing from Spain to the Strait of Magellan, wliat direction would you 
take ? Turn to a map of Asia. Where are the Philippine Islands ? In 
what direction are they from the Strait of Magellan ? How would a ves- 
sel go from the Philippine Islands to Spain, without crossing the Pacific 
Ocean ? 

ciiaptp:r v. 

1. W'^e lidA'e leariird sometliiiii;" of the man wlio dis- 
coxered America, the man wlio first I'eaehed the main- 
land, and tlie man aftei' w horn America was named. 

2. These tlu'ee men had touched only along the sliores 
of the countries they disco\ere(h 'I'hey knew nothing 
of the interior, or countr\" hack from the coast. They 
did not know liow karge the continent was, or anything 
of the trihes of Indians that lived in the interioi'. 

3. For a h)ng time after C'al)otV discoveries, Enghind 
tlid N'ery little to e\|)h)re the land lie had taken })()s- 
session of in her name, l^ut Spain and France were most 
active in exploring th.e interior of the country. 

4. The Spaniards were always seeking foi' the gold 
tlie\ thouo-ht Avas to be found in the Ne>v A\\)rld, The 



FIKST PKKKM^: IMSCOVKRY. 




iih»i celebrated of tlie Spaiiisli explorers were De Leon, 
Hall>o.u ^[aiivllan. Cortex, Pizarro. and De Sot(\ 

,1. Two (^f these exploreis w er^' sueeessfnl in their 
search. Thev were C'ortez and Pizarro. C'ortez landed 
with a small a.nny on the coast of l\lexico in 1519, and 
in two years con([nered tliat conntry. Pizarro in 15ol, 
A\ ith a much sm;dler arnn . wen*^ to South .Vmerica and 
conijuered Pern. 

i\. The nativt^sof Mexico and Peru were ditfe rent from 
tlie t»tlier inhabitants c>f America. 
They were partly civilized. They 
knew many of the uses of metals 
and wt>re ornaments of gold. By 
compiering them the Spaniards be- 
came rich. 
\ 7. Pall>oa made himself famous 

l>v discovering the Pacific Ocean. 
He went from llayti to the Isthmus 
of J>arien. Hearing that tliere was a large body of water 
on the other side, he crossed the isthmus and on reach- 
ing the sununit of a mountain beheld the great ocean 
spread out before him. This was in 151.*>. 

S. Seven years after, Magellan sailed aroiuid the south- 
ern ]i>oint of South America and crossed this ocean. He 
discovered the Philip]>ine Islands, wliere lie lost his life 
in an encounter with the natives. His vessel continued 
the vtwage, and at last reached the p«>rt of Spain from 
which it had started. Althouirh ^Fairtdlan diil not tinish 



SPA NISil KXl'LOIiATIONS. 




UALKOA TAKING POS.SE^.SIUN OF THE I'ACIFIV (KEAN. 



24 FTEST rT:TcTO"n: DTsroYEP.y. 

the voyage, I lie lioiior is i^'iveii to liim of Ix'liig the first 
to sail roiiiul llie ^\'(^^hl. 

1). Tlie (liseoveries and ex|)h)i'atioiis of i)e Leon aiul 
De Soto Avei'e made in ^•\hat is now tlie ITnited States, 
so we will have to learn more ahont them. 

Questions. — Of whom liave we so far learned ? What did tlie first 
expk)rers know of the interior of the countries ? What two nations were 
most active in making explorations ? Tv^ho were the most celebrated Span- 
ish explorers? What was the great object of Spanisli exph)rations? What 
two explorers were successful in this ? What did C'ortez conquer ? Pi- 
zarro? What did Balboa discover i' When? YDiy is the name of Magellan 
found in history ? What happened to him i* Vv^hat two Spanish explorers 
are connected with I'nited States histoiy ? 

Write the Blackboard Form for the lour voyages of 
Coliiinhus. 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of C^haptei: VI. 

Turn to tlie map of the West Indies. Where is Porto Pico ? In what di- 
rection is it from Hayli ? In what direction is San Salvador from Porto 
Rico ? Turn to the map of^ tlie [luted States. Where is Florida ? In what 
part of Florida is St. Augustine ? 



ClIAPTEE YI. 

THE :\rAX WTTO DISCOYEKFP FLOPTPA. 

1. AVheii Columbus piade his second voyage to the 
New AVorhl, there went with him a hrave old soldier 
named Ponce de Leon. lie lia<l fono-lit many battles for 



THE 



^lAN WttO r»TSCOVKRED FLORIDA. 



^.^ 



^nain When Hispainola was veaeliea, lie was ap- 
pointed governor of the eastern portion of that island. 







'W--^Mm^^^ 



LANDING OF I'ONCE UK I-EON. 



3. He wa. afterNvards mad. g.^vernor ,.f the island of 
Porto Rico. The Spaniards of these ishxnds knew noth- 



KiKsr im:rI(>i>: t>ts('ovki;v 



iiig thus far of wlint is now llir l^iitrd States. The 
part of tlie world they were in \vas so new and sti-an^-e 
tliat tliey were ready to l)elieve anytliing alK)ur it. 

ii. Ponee de T.eon lieard that there was a \von(h-rful 
fountain upon an island called Biniini supposed to be 
not far to th^ nortlieast of liispauiola. The water of this 
fountain when bathed in Avas tluumlit to liave the power 
of niakinu' an old person young. Ponre de Leon, beinic 
an old man, felt a strong desire to iind this fountain. 

4. lie at last determined to go in search of it. In 
1512, lie left Porto Kieo with three vessels. After 
touching at San Salvador, he sailed among the Hahama 
Islands. I pon Kaster Sunday, the mainland a\ as seen. 
It was called Florida because Kaster Sunday is known to 
S])aniards as Pascua Florida. 

5. Tlie shores were lined with brinlit ^reen trees. 
Beautiful tiowei's ^vere blooming evei'\ \\ here. Ponce de 
Leon went ashore a few miles north of the spot upon 
Avhicli St. Augustine was afterwards built, and for many 
days searclied in vain for the Fountain of Youth. He 
returned to Porto Rico, and the land he had discovered 
was claimed by S])ain. 

(>. To reward him for his discovery he was made ofov- 
ernor of Florida, lie sailed Avitli two vessels to take 
possession of his province. AVhen he landed, his men 
were attacked by the Indians. ]\lany of them lost their 
lives. Ponce de Leon himself was mortalh- wounded, so 
lie never lived to rule o\ cr the land he luul found. 



TlIK :MAN who DLSCOVERKl) THE MISSISSIIM'! KIVER. 27 

Questions.— With whom did Dc Leon come to the New World ? To 
what ollicc was he apijoiiited { Of wliat island Avas lie next made governor ? 
To seek what did lie sail from Porto Ilico ? AVHien did he reach the main 
land ? What name did he give to the land he discovered ? Where did he 
land 'i How was he rewarded for his discovery ? What w^as his end ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

PrKFARATORV to the StIDV ok ClIAl'TKR \'1I. 

I'uni to the nuip of the Hotdherii Stdte.^. Where is Florida ? In Avhat 
direction is Florida from Cuba ? AVhere is Tampa Bay ? Upon what gulf 
would a vessel sail in going from Cuba to Tampa Bay ? In what direction 
is the Altamaha River from this bay ? Ogeechee River ? In what direction 
is the Coosa River from the Ogeechee ? Wliere is Moljile ? Wliere is Mem- 
j)his ? In what dii'ection is ]Memphis from Mobile ? Where is the Ouachita 
River? Into what does the Ouachita flow^ ? Into what does the Red 
River flow :' Into what gulf does the Mississippi flow ? 



(^IIAPTKU \ II. 

TTTE AFAX WTTO DrsCOVKUKD 11 TK ArTSSlSSIPPI PIVEK. 

1. Among tlie men anIio Avent to Peru Avitli Plzarro 
was Hernando de Soto. With liis sliare of tlie o-reat 
AN'ealtli ol)taiiie(l fi'oni the l^eruAaans, lie returned to 
Spain. 

2. But he did not I'emain content there A'eiy long. 
lie felt a desire to excel l;)oth Cortez and Pizarro in mak- 
ing conquests. He tliought there AN'ere races of people 
like the Mexicans and PeruA'ians in the interior of 
Florida, and that gold also Avas ahnndant there. 

3. l)e Soto obtained permission from the king to cou- 



0j5 



FiKsr rKKit^n : msotn-Kin'. 



»[iUM' Flori«la. niul, at his own rxjuMisr, ]w tittril up an 
ex[>iHlition. Six lunuhxHl men w eii' picktMl out h\m\ tlie 
many that dcsiivd to ii\> witli liini. (iivat preparations 
were made. 

4. Ot' Soto took \\ith liini chains to Inml eaptiws, 
besides many kinds of w t^apons, and a bhieksmith's forge 
to keep tliem in li"0(hI oriU'r. He also took horses to ride, 

l)KHHlhounds with A\hieh ti^ pur- 
sue tlie natives, anti a drove of 
liogs to furnisli meat fiM* liis men. 
«■>. The expedition started from 
the Ishmd of Cuba in ir);U>. They 
landed at a ]^oint not far from 
Tampa Ha\. and bt^^-an their 
mareh through the forest. They 
eneountei'ed many dangers. The 
Indians ^\ ere hostile and oppt^sed 
their mareli. 
(». Oe Soto or^^ssed the Altamaha Kiver in what is 
now CnHU'gia, and reached the Ogeeehee. lie then 
turned to the ui^rthwest. and eoming to the (.\H>sa River, 
near its heaih\aters, went soiuh through what is now 
Alabama. 

7. All this time his sohliers surtered very mueli and 
wanted to turn baek, but Oe Soto was determined to 
find riehes, or make sure that there a\ ere none to be 
found : so he kept on. He soon arrived at an Indian 
vilhiii'e nt\ar where ^b>bile m^w stands. Here a ditlieultv 




UK S.t>TU. 



iin: MAX WHO ])is(r)VKin:i) 'iiir: mtssissii'I'I im\i;i;. 



20 



arose with tlie iijitiv(^s, jiiid In ;i h.-iith* that followed 
I)e Soto lost eiglitcM^ii ol* liIs nicii, 'I'liniiiig again to the 
nortliwcst, li(^ I'eached the Mississi])[)i Iliver at a point 




TUE liUUIAL OF 1)E i«OTO. 



not far from Memphis. Thus De Soto (1Isco\'(M'e(1 tlie 
Mississij)pi River, and the (liseovei*y was made in 
1541. 

8. Ci-ossing tlie Mississi})pi, lie waiidei-ed around the 
country of the Quapaws in A\diat is now Arkansas. 
From here he went south down the Ouachita [w^asli'it- 



no FiKsr i'kriod: T)ts(<^vkrv. 

talij River, but lie suou lost liis ^\ay among the many 
bayous uear its nioutli. Then it a\ as that his courage 
o-ave \\a\ , and lie sought to return. 

9. But a fevei' eanie u})on him. from ^\'hicll he ne\'er 
recovered. In tlie a\ Ihls of what is now Louisiana, with 
hostile natives on every side, J)e Soto died. His follow- 
ers were faithful to the last. They buried him at the 
foot of a tree: but fearing that his remains might be 
disturbed by the Indians, they raised the Ixnly from the 
oTound and sank it in the \vaters <>f the mighty river he 
had discovered. 

10. After Be Soto's death, the Spaniards with great 
dilheulty built several small vessels. In these they 
drifted down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, aud 
reached a place of safety. Of the (>00 men that started 
with De Soto in 15o9, only oil lived through the three 
years of hardship. 

Questions. — Who went to Peru with Pizarro ? Why did De Soto 
make an expedition to Florida ? What did he expect to find in the interior 
of Fhn-ida ? How man\- men did he select ? What did he take with him i 
When did he start s Where did he hind ? Into what did he march from 
Florida ? What river did lie cross before reaching the Ogeechee ? Where 
did he next go ? To what Indian village did he come ? What liappened 
there ? Where did he discover the Mississippi River ? When ? After 
crossing the ]Mississippi, where did he wander? What happened to him in 
wliat is now Louisiana ? How many times was he l)uried ? What became 
of his followers ? How many men survived the three years' march ? 

Trace upon a map tlie route from Cuba to Tampa Bay. 
Follow De Soto's line of march to 3Iol)ile. 
Trace De Soto's path to the 3Iississippi River. 



FKENCH, ENGLISH, AXD DUTCH EXPLORATIONS. 31 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatouy to the Stuuv oi- Chapter VIII. 

Turn to n mop of British Americo. AVhere is Newfoundland ? Where 
is the St. Lawrence River ? AVhere is Montreal ? Quebec ? What great 
lakes are between Brilisli America and the United States ? Tnrn to a mop 
of the United States. In wliat direction, from Quebec is Illinois ? What 
States touch the Mississippi River on the west ? Where is Louisiana ? 
What States are called the Xew England States ( Where is Lake Cham- 
plain ? Where is Cape Cod ? AVliere is the Hudson River ? Turn to a 
mop of North America. Where is Davis Strait ? Hudson Strait ? Hud- 
son Bay ? 

CHAPTER YIIT. 

FREXCH, EXGLISH, AXD DITCH EXPLORATIOXS. 

1. Xot lonir after tlie discovery of the mainland of 
Aniei'ica, tlie Avaters of Xewfoiindland became known as 
fine fishing grounds. French fishermen early visited 
these waters, and thus the attention of France was di 
I'ected to the Xew AVorld. 

2. Throngli tlie explorations of four great Fiench 
explorers, Fi'ance laid claim to a large amount of ten-i- 
torv. These explorers were Verrazano [ ver-raht-tsah'no], 
Cartier [car'tya], Cliamplain, and La Salle. 

3. Verrazano reached Xortli Carolina in 1524, and 
explored the east coast of what is now the United States. 
Ten years aftei'wards (1534), Cartier discovered the St. 
Lawrence, and the next year sailed u]^) that river to 
wliere ^Montreal now stands. 



32 



FTK:?T FERLOGl DISCO V^BT. 



4. Xew France was* tlie name given to the region 
explore*! bv Cartier. For more than seventy years very 
little Tvas done towani making further explorations. 
Then a Frenchman name^l Champlain came o\-er. and 
foondeil the city «.>f Quebec. This was in 1<50<S. 

5. As time p-asse^l on, Quebec became an important 

j^M>int fr«»m whiek to 
send ♦^nt explorers. 
A number of ex- 
p 1 o r a t i o n s were 
maile among the 
< Treat Lakes and in 
Tiorthem port of 

: is now the 

United States. 

^ The explorers 
Mar»[uette [mar- 
ket'] and Joliet 
zhole-a] reached 
the Mississippi River 
:a 1670^ at a point 
witi:' '- - '■ - w 




HA *>fcT.r.K taJKEHi P»»«JtVL P- 



r.it n!>t\x V. 



the > 



It seems pr»>bable that La Salle discovered the Ohio 
Kiver about I*>ri^ and in lf>S:? he ^jcttetl down the 
MississippL Landing at Chickasaw Bluff, he built a 
f<>rt. anil then continuetl on his way until he reacheii the 
Gulf •>f Mexico. AK this territorv was claime*i bv 



FKEXCR. ENGLISH. AXD DUTCH EXPLORATIOXS. 



:5a 



France, aud it was called Louisiana, after the French 
king. Louis XIV. 

7. While the French were making these explomtions, 

the English were not only exploring, but plantinir coL> 

nies in the eastern pait of what is now the United 

States. AA e shall learn <»f these colonies when we come 

^.-^^-i^f to the PericK;l of Settlement. 

"-^'*^- ~ ' 8. The most famous Entflish ex- 

ph jrei-s after the Cabots were 




HAU MOOX OS THE HUD60X. 



Fi'.vbisher. Drakf. Davis, and Gosnold. Frobisher, in 
1576, and Davis, in 1585, made discoveries in the noith- 
easteni pan « f Xorth America. Drake explored the 
Avest coast of Xorth America in 1579. He eave the 
name New Albion to that portion now known as Oreoron. 
9. Gosnold discovered Ca|>e Cotl in 1602. He Avas 



34 FTRST pekiod: discovery. 

tlu' fii"st EnglisJmiaii w lio laiicUM] in wliut is now New 
England, and liis ex})l()rations led to its settlement not 
long after. 

10. Tlie only exploration made l)y Holland was that 
undertaken by lleni'v Hudson in 1009. He discovered 
the Pludson River and the island u})on Avhich New York 
city is })artly l)uilt. He called the country New Nether- 
land. Hudson afterwards sailed as an English explorei', 
and discovered the bay and strait that l)ear his name. 

11. We thus see that people from four countries made 
discoveries and explorations in the New A\\)rld, and that 
some of the territory, having been visited by the ex})lorers 
of more than one country, Avas claimed by more than one 
nation. As lono- as the territory- remained unsettled, 
there was no trouble. But Avlien people began to colo- 
nize the New A\\^rld. (piarrels and dis]Mites arose. AVe 
shall learn of these in another })eriod. 

Questions. — What uttnictcd tlie attention of France to the New World? 
Name the four great French discoverers. What explorations Avere made by 
Verrazano ? Cartier ? Cham[)lain ? Who reached the Mississippi River ? 
When ? Where ? Wliat Frencii exi)lorer was the first to sail down this 
river to its mouth ? When ? What river was ])rol)al)ly discovered by La 
Salic before he sailed down the 3Iississippi ? What was the territory claimed 
by France called ? Name five English explorers ? When and where did 
each make explorations ? Who was the only Dutch explorer ? What did he 
discover ? What did he name the region he discovered ? 

SPECIAL EXERCISE. 

Notice what happens in the schoolroom during the day : the classes that 
recite, and the order in which they recite ; the work put on the blackboards; 



FEEXCH, ENGLISH, AXD DUTCH EXPLOEATIOXS. 35 

the lessons that seem to be best known ; the visitors that have entered. 
Select three or four of your schoolmates, and keep a record of what you see 
tliem do. From what you have observed, write a short history of the school- 
room for a period of one day. 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

Name three great discoverers. How many voyages did Columbus make? 
What did he discover upon each? TThen was America discovered? "When 
and by whom was the mainland of Xorth America discovered ? Who 
gained tlie title of Great Seaman ? After wliom was America named ? 
When did Yespucius make his voyage of exploration ? Xame two Spaniards 
who made successful conquests. Name two Spaniards who were unsuccess- 
ful in their expeditions. Why was De Soto buried a second time ? Xame 
two Spaniards whose discoveries were connected with the largest ocean in 
the world. Who has the credit of being the first to sail around the world ? 
Who were the four great French explorers ? What rivers were discovered 
by French explorers ? Xame the explorers who visited the east coast of 
America. Who first explored this coast ? What were the discoverers and 
exjDlorers mainly in search for ? 

Write what you know of Columbus. 

Write what you know of De Soto. 

Write the Blackboard Form for the voyages of the three 
great discoverers. 

Write the Blackboard Form for Spanish discoveries and 
explorations. 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter IX. 

Turn to a map of the United States. What States border upon the At- 
lantic ? What States border upon the Gulf of Mexico ? What States bor- 
der upon the Mississippi River ? What States and Territories border upon 
Mexico ? What States border upon the Ohio River ? Where is St. Augus- 
tine ? Santa Fe ? Where is Xova Scotia ? In what direction from Nova 
Scotia is Canada ? 



36 ITBST pekiod: dkcotert. 

Review Outline. 

1492 »Si//< SiliaJor. 

^, , , 1493 Jiimaioj. 

Columbus ^ , ,,.^ c ^7 J 

149S K>ouf/i Amen4}a. 

[^ 1502 Isthmus of Thirien. 

Vtspucius 1499 South America. 

I><r Leon 1512 JTlon'da, 

£aIboa 1513 I^acific Ocean. 

Cortez^ 1519 Mexico. 

JIagenan 1520 Strait of Magellan, 

Pizarro 1531 Peru, 

Be Sjto 1541 Jfississipjyi Piv^r, 

QjI^ (1497 Labrador. 

( 1498 Marf/land, 

Profdsher 1576 iJTortheast Coast of 

Paris 15S5 ) JVorth America. 

Prale 1579 Oregon . 

Gosnold. 1602 Cape Cod 

T- , ^ ^ I ( Past Oxist of yorth 

} errazano lo24 ^^ 

1 America. 

Cartier 1534 *S^. Pi wrench Piv>er, 

Champlain 1608 Ginada. 

J^^^^'^ U673 Plinois. 

Joliet » 

pj SiNe 16S2 Pmlsiana, 

^ Sen #•// Hudson . . 1 609 ^eir York. 

English discoverers In red: Spanish in blue; French in black; 
Dutch in full-face type. 









REVIEW OF PlKST PERIOB. 37 

Review Outline. 

1492 America Columbus. 

1493 Jamaica Columbus. 

1497 Labrador Cabot. 

1498 South America. • Columbus. 

1498 Maryland ^ CaboL 

1499 .Soutli America Vespucius. 

1502 Darien CoUmbus. 

1512 Florida De Leon: 

1513 Pacific Ocean Balboa. 

1519 Mexico Cortez. 

1520 Magellan Strait Magellan. 

1524 East Coast of N, America. . Verrazano. 

1531 Peru Pizarro. 

1534 SL Lawrence River Cartier. 

1541 Mississippi River De Soto. 

1576 N.E. Coast of America. . . .Frobislier. 

1579 Oregon Drahe. 

1585 Davis Strait Davis. 

1602 Cap)e Cod Gosnold. 

1608 Canada Champlain. 

1609 ^ew York Hudson. 

1671 Ohio River La Salle. 

\ Marquette 

1^^^3 ^^^^'^^^'^ I andJoliet 

I 1682 Louisiana. ^ La Salle. 

Nations are indicated by the same colors and type as in the pre- 
ceding^ outline. On the blackboard, colored crayons may be used. 




Sccoi^d Period: 

Settlen^ei^t. 

CHAPTER IX. 



THE :n^ations that colo- 
nized AI^IERICA. 



1 . AYe have seen ^vliat the English, French, Spaniards, 
and Dutcli did to explore America. We must now learn 
about the settlements made l)y them. 

2. The southern part of what is now the United States 
was claimed by the Spaniards, whose first settlement was 
at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565. The Spaniards also 
took possession of the southwestern j^art of the United 
States. Those Spaniards who settled this portion came 
up from Mexico, and made a settlement at Santa Fe as 
early as 1582. 



THK XATir»XS THAT COLONIZED AMERICA. 39 

3. Tlie eastern part of the United States was settled 
|>rin('i[)all\' by tlie Euiflisli. People came over fi'om Hol- 
land and Sweden also. Ijut tliey occupied territoi'v claimed 
hv Enii'land, aii<l tli^ir colonies became part of the Eng- 
lish possessions in America. 

4. After attempting witliout >uceess to [>lant colonies 
on Spanisli territory, the French made their first perma- 
nent settlement ill America at Port Royal, Xova Scotia, 
in 16<)5. Thev soon to(.k possession of all Canada. 
F]-oni Canada, French exploi-ei's went down the Missis- 
si]»[>i River, and niany of the States now bordei'ing upon 
this river Avei'e settled by the Fivncli. 

5. The English settlement- became in time thirteen 
distinct cohniies. As time passed on, the j)opulation of 
these colonies greatly increased, an<l much new territory 
was ac(piired by them. AVe shall speak <d' this in the 
Period <.f Colonial (rrowtli. 

Questions. — ^Vliat peoples made explorations in Ameriea? AYliat part 
of the United States was claimed by Spain i" What two Spanish settlements 
were made i What part of the United States was claimed and settled by 
tlie English ? What two nations made settlements upon English terntory? 
What was the first permanent French settlement in America? When was 
it made? Of what did the French colonists soon take possession? Where 
did French explorers go from Canada? What did the English settlements 
in time become? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to thk Sti'dv (.r Chaptf.r X. • 

l^unt to a mnp of the United States. Where is Florida ? In what part 
of Florida is the St. John's River ? Where is the mouth of this rivr-r ? In 



40 SECOND period: settlement. 

what part of South Carolina is Port Royal ? In what part of Florida is St. 
Augustine? What States border upon the Gulf of Mexico? AVhat coun- 
tries ? What larsfe island ? 



CHAPTEK X. 

THE FTKST (,)rAKREL OXYAl TERKITOKY. 

1. FraiU't' claimed a large part of tlie east coast of 
Xortli America through the exph)ratioii8 of Yerrazano. 
Ill the year 15(3'2, a iiuml)er of Freiicli Pi'otestaiits, or 
Huguenots, under John Ril)ault, sailed from France to 
found a colony n})on Avhat they thought to l)e Frencli 
territory. 

"Z, They reached Florida at a point near the nioutli of 
what is now tlie St. John's Kiver, which they named the 
River of ]\Iay. then sailed north to ^vhere Port Royal 
no^v stands. Here they landed and Imilt a fort. This 
fort was named C'harlesfort. Ribault left twenty-six 
colonists in possession, and sailed away. The colony 
^vas soon ahandoned l)y those Avho liad been left in 
possession. 

3. In 15(U, another partN of Huonenots founded a 
colony upon the River of May. This settlement was 
called Fort Caroline. AVlien the Spaniards, Avho claimed 
all this teri'itory, learned that the French were making 
settlements in Florida, they determined to drive them 
away. 

-4. ^leneiidez, a ^•e]'y cruel man, set out from Spain for 



THE FIRST QUARREL OYER TERRITORY. 



41 



this purpose. He lauded iu Florida, ^Yliere he estab- 
lished a to\vu aud called it St. Augustiue. This is the 
oldest to^vu iu the Uuited States. 

5. After a little tiuie Meueudez marched from St. 
Augustiue to Fort Caroliue, aud surprised aud attacked 




ulA) UATES OF ST. AUGUSTINE. 



the Freucli. Nearly two huudred were murdered by 
tlie Spauiards. A fe\v escaped to the woods. 

G. Wlieii tills became kiKnvu In France, it was deter- 
uiiued to puuisli tlie Spaniards, and in 1567 Dominic de 
Gourges [gooi'g] saihMJ for FloihL'i \\itli \S() men. 



42 SECOND pfkk^p: sf.ttlemext. 

7. He succeeded in ca})tiiriiig the Spanish fort, wliich 
had l^een built near Fort CaR>Une immediately after the 
massacre of the French. He then hanired all the Span- 
iard> \][um trees, and sailed for Europe. 

S. Thus Ave see tliat France and Spain were the first 
nations t<» rpiarrel over territory in the Xew AA orld. 
France later on izave up all claim to the territory of 
Fh^rida. and for many years Spain had full possession of 
all the land touching:' the (xulf of ^Mexico. 

Questions. — Through \\iiose explorations ilid France claim the cast 
coast of North America r Wlu^t were French Protestants called I Who 
attempted to settle Spanish territory ? Where was the settlement made ? 
What happened to the colony ? Where did the next Huguenot colony 
attempt to settle .' When ? What happened to them ? What Spaniard 
founded St. Augustine ! Who avenged the massacre of the French colonists ? 
Why did the Spanish and French make war upon one another ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

PRKPARATORY TO IMF. >TU1>Y uF CUAin-EK XL 

Turn to <i nuip of the United St,(tts. AVhere is Virginia ? What State 
south of Virginia ? What is the capital of tliis State ? Where is Roanoke 
Island ? Roanoke River ? 



ClIAPTEli XI. 

THK LOST (OLONY oF AMKLICA. 

1. Tlie Enu'lish l)eiran making settlements in wliat is 
now the United States not lon^- after x]w French and 
Spanish. In ir)S4. l^liili|» Amidas and Arthur Barlow 



THE I.ORT COLONY OF AMERICA. 43 

sailed from Eiiglaucl to Avluit i.s now Xorth Carolina, and 
there made explorations. All that part of America was 
called Virginia, in honor of Queen Ellzaheth, the Virgin 
Qneen, who was then rnler of England. 

2. Several attempts were made to plant an English 
colon\' in this reo-ion. 8ir Walter lialeiich, a good and 
great man, was most active in these attempts. He was a 
favorite of the qneen, and easily obtained permission to 
send ont colonists to Virginia. 

3. Seven ships and lOS emigrants made the first 
attempt at settlement. A gentleman named Ralph Lane 
was appointed Li"o\ernor of the col(>n\. The colonists 
landed npon Roanoke Islan<l, ;ind began to ])nild a to\vn. 
This Avas in 1585. 

4. The colonists were not wise in their dealings with 
the natives, and tronldes ai'ose. Soon afterwards Sir 
Erancis Di'ake, the celel)rated ex[)lorer, came with a large 
fleet. The colonists, fearing the hostilitv of the Indians, 
\vhom tliey had ill-treated, decided to al^andon the settle- 
ment. They went on board Drake's vessels, and sailed 
Avith him to England. 

5. Another attempt was made in 1587, when 150 men, 
women, and children were sent to Viru'inia. The o;ov- 
ernor of this coh.an' Avas John AVhite. They also landed 
upon Roanoke Island, j^otlong after tlieir arrival, little 
Virginia Dare was born. She was the fi:randdaiio:hter 
of the governor, and the first child born in Amei'ica of 
English parents. 



u 



iEOOXD period: «KTTLE^^KXT. 




CSOATAS. 



THE LOST r'OT.OXY OF AMERICA. 45 

0. White, after a stay of a fe\v A\'eeks, returned to Eng- 
land foi' more colonists and supplies, lie did not return 
for two years. AVlien at last Ik- readied Roanoke 
Island, not one of tlie colonists was to ])e found. 

7. Tliei'e Avere no signs to show tliat tliey had been 
killed l^y the Indians. Only the woi'd cnoATAX was 
found carved u[)on the hark of n tree. W hlte seai'clied 
for tliem, and Ralelgli sent ont many (expeditions to dis- 
cover traces of them, Lnt the lost colony Avas never 
found. 

Questions. — "Wliat two nations made the first settlements in America ? 
Wluit two Englishmen exploi'ed tlie coast of North Carolina ? When ? 
What name was given to this region ? After whom was it named ? AVliat 
great Englishman made attempts to establish settlements in America ? 
Who was the governor of the first colony sent out ? Upon what island 
did the first colonists land ? What difficulties did they encounter ? What 
did they finally do ? Where did the second colony land ? Who was the 
governor of this colony ? Who was Virginia Dare ? Where did John 
White go ? How long did he stay away ? What did he find on his return 
to Roanoke Island ? AVhat had become of the colonists ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatouv to thk Study of Chaptkrs XTL-XTV. 

Turn to a map of tlie Sontliem (<tates. Find the 34th parallel of latitude. 
The 41st. Where is Chesapeake Bay ? Cape Charles ? Cape Henry ? 
Where is the James River ? Into what does the James River flow ? Where 
is Richmond ? Xame the States west of Virginia. Which of these border 
upon the Ohio River ? Which of these border upon the Mississippi ? 



46 SEC0^•D period: settlement. 

CHAPTER XII. 

TTTE FTKST PKiniANENT EXOLISII SETTLE:\IEXT. 

1. Ill the year 1()0(>, James 1. was king of Eiiglaiul. 
From lilm a patent, or permission, to settle Virginia was 
obtained 1)v a company of gentlemen and mereliants. 
This eompanv was called the Lon(h)n Company. It Avas 
])ermitted to select any territory l(Mi miles srpiare along 
the seacoast l)etween the :Uth and 41st parallels. Later 
the company was given a mncli longer stretch of land 
on tlie seacoast, and reaching hack to the Pacific Ocean. 

2. On the l^>tli of Decend)er, ](>.") cohmists set sail 
from London. They had only three small vessels with 
which to ci'oss the Atlantic. The names of these vessels, 
in order of size, Avere the Snsan Constant, the Good 
Speed, and the Discovery. 

3. It was the intention of the colonists to settle on 
Koanoke Island, hnt a storm drove them ont of their 
conrse, and they soon entered the month of what is now 
Chesapeake Bay. The names of Charles and Henry 
were u'ivcn to the capes at the entrance to this bay, in 
honor of the sons of the king. 

4. They then sailed np a broad, beantifnl river, which 
they named the James, after the king himself. On the 
13th day of ]May, they landed npon a little peninsnla 
formed b^• a bend of the river, and began to lay the 
fonndation of a town. 



THE FIKST 1M:R>.IAXE.\T KXnF.TSII SETTI.KMENT. 



5. All this region A\as iii]ial)ittMl ])y a powerful trilje 
of Iiuliuus wlioAvere I'liled over b}' a king or chief named 
Powliatan. The Indian villao-e in wliicli Powhatixn lived 
is supposed to have 
Ijeen where the 
city of Ttichmond 
is now. 

6. The London 
CVunpany liad a])- 
pointed seven coun- 
cilors to govern 
the colony. These 
elected one of their 
number President. 
The iirst President 
of the Virginia col- 
ony Avas Ed\\'ard 
^^ ingheld. 

7. Jamestown 
AV a s tlie name 
given to tlie town 
founded by the 
colonists. It is 
famous in liistory 
as the first permanent Englisli settlement in America. 
Befoi'e the settlement of JamestoAvn, France and Spain 
had full possession of America. But no^v England be- 
gan to claim tlie territoiy explored for her by tlie Cabots. 




EUIN.S OF JAMESTOWN 



4>i SECoxp period: >kttle:mfxt. 

8. The early eulouist^ sutfeivd iiiaiiy liai'dsliips. 
yevertlieles:? the cohmy grew and soon became prosper- 
ous. Let us learn something of its early history. 

Questions. — What English king gave a patent to colonize Virginia ? 
To \\liom was it given ? What territory was granted to them ( How many 
colonists set sail ? What were the names of their vessels i Where did they 
intend to land ? Where did they land i What bay did they enter ? What 
river ? After Avhom were the capes at the entrance of the bay named ? 
After whom was the river named ? The town that was built ? Who was 
the chief of the neighboring Indians ? How many councilors were 
appointed to govern the colony i Who was the first President of the col- 
ony ? Why is the settlement of Jamestown one of the most important 
events of United States historv ? 



CHAPTEF. XIII. 

THE FATHER OF VIEGIXIA. 

1. Of the seven men appointed councilors l>y the 
London Company, only two we-re tit to rule. ( )ne of 
tliese was Bartholomew Gosnold, the man ^vho discovered 
Cape Cod. He died soon after landing in Virginia. 
The other was Captain John Smith. 

2. The colonists had come to a iit-w world. They 
were not used to the climate. Many of them had never 
done hard work. They had to learn t<> cut down trees, 
l)uild h(^uses, and cultivate the ground. 

3. But in doing all this they should have 1 >een pr< >perly 
directed and wisely governed. Wingfield was not a lit 
man for a president. an«l the colonists had little conli- 



♦ THE FATHER OF VIRGINIA. 



49 



deuce iu liini. The second PresidiMit, \\ lio was named 
Ratclift'e, Avas not niucli better. 

4. Then John Smith became leader of the colonists. 
He was an experienced, a l)rave, and a wise man, and 
knew exactly the right thing to do. Each man was 
shown ho\v to work; and Smith himself, h\ his OAvn 
industry, set the example to the others. When food be- 
came scarce, lie made expeditions into the interior, and 
trading with the Indians he o1)- 
taiued from them supplies of corn, 
di"ied meat, and game. 

5. Smith also made explorations 
of the country al)out Jamestown. 
Upon one of these expeditious he 
was captured by the Indians. They 
took him to Opecancanough, Pow- 
hatan's brother, who kept him 
three days, considering whether or 
not t(^ put him to death. 

6. He Avas then sent to Pow- 
hatan. Here he met Pocahontas, a daughter of the 
chief, and she and Smith soon became friends. She was 
a great favorite Avitli her father, and when she inter- 
ceded for Smith, lie Avas permitted to return safely to 
JamestoAvn. 

7. After this, Pocahontas often proved herself a friend 
to the colonists. She brought them food several times 
Avhen they Avere in much need of it. She married one 

4* 




CAPTAIN JOHX SMITH. 



EYEXTS OF EAELY YIEGIXIA HISTORY. 51 

of them, a young EiiLclisliman named Jolm Rolfe^ and 
went with him to Emj^land. This maiTiao;e made Pow- 
hatan a friend of the coh^nists. 

8. Tlie name of Captain Jolm Smith occupies a most 
honoraljk' phice in liistory. His wis<h)m and braYery 
preYented tlie Janlesto^Yn cohmy from l)eing a failure. 
lie is called tlie Father of Virginia. 

Questions. — Who were the best men <if the seven councilors ? What 
had tlie colonists to le;irn ? What kind of a president Avas Wingfield ? Rat- 
cliffc ? What kind of man was Smith I How did he help the colonists ? 
What explorations did he make ? What happened to him upon one of 
these expeditions ? AVho Avas Powhatan's brother ? How was Smith's life 
saved ? What became of Pocahontas ? What has Captain John Smith 
been called ? 

CHAPTER XI Y. 

EVEXTS OF EARLY A^TPvGTXIA HISTORY'. 

1. .Vfter the tirst fe\Y years of hardshii), the Viro^inia 

« J- ' o 

colonv prospered. \\ the beginning the cohmists 
worked together in building lumses and planting crops. 
EYerything that \Yas l)uilt oi* 'raised was connnon 
property. 

2. As this was found to be unsatisfactory, a better plan 
was decided upon. To each colonist was giYen a piece 
of land upon \Yhicli to build his o\Yn liouse and raise his 
own crops. WhateYer he pi'oduced was tlien his own. 

3. Tobacco was found to l)e the most ])rotLtable crop 
that the Virginia settlers could raise. This ])hint had 



52 SECOND teeiod: settlement. 

not l)een known to Europeans before the discovery of 
America. The practice of sraolvinii" it was learned from 
tlie Indians. Tobacco ^vas introdnced into England by 
Sir AValter Raleigh, and soon came to l)e much nsed. 

4. The custom of having slaves had existed for a long 
time in many parts of the world. In 1(U9, a Dutch 
vessel arrived at Jamestown, and oifered twentv neQ:roes 
for sale. They Avere bought by tobacco planters. This 
was the first introduction of slavery into Avhat is now the 
United States. 

5. The yeai' KMU is famons for the meeting of the first 
legislature, ^Ndilch was called the Colonial Assembly. 
Tlie hiAvs by whieli tlie colonies luid thus fai' l)een gov- 
erned were made In Enghind. When Sir George Yeard- 
ley was appointed governor, he allowed the colonists to 
choose law-makers for themselves. These law-makers 
met at JaniestoNvn, and ^vere called the Hcmse of Bnr- 
o^esses. 

(>. One hundred and fifty young women were sent 
from Kngland to Virginia in 1620. They l)ecame the 
wives of colonists. Each colonist paid the expense of 
his wife's journey from England. The amount was paid 
in tobacco; the (pnmtity of \vhicli required for each was 
one hundred or one hnndred and fifty pounds. 

7. The colonists were now happy and contented. 
Their only dlfiicnltles ^vere with the Indians. When 
Powhatan <lle(l, Ills Jn'other Opecancanough became nn- 
frlendh towards the w liltes. Tlie Indians attacked the 



EVENTS OF EARLY VIRGINIA HISTORY 



53 



Viroinia settlements t^vice, and killed a great number of 
people. These massacres took place in 1622 and 1644. 

8. In 1676, tlie settlers of Viroinia numbered manv 
thousands. At this time a man named Berkeley was gov- 
ernor. When troubles with the Indians arose, Berkeley 
took no steps to pi'otect the people. 







H THAlJKi;S SEI. 



)ES TO ~ETTLEK<. 



9. When the settlers could stand it no lono^er, a youngf 
lawyer named Bacon took a number of men with him, 
and, without Berkeley's permission, made ^^ ar upon the 
Indians. Tliis caused Berkeley to be an^'ry. He raised 
an army and marched against Bacon. 

10. Bacon was successful in tlie contest that followed, 



54 SECOND period: SETrLEME>-T. 

w liioli is known as Bacon's Rebellion. In this ivbellion 
Berkeley was driven ont of JamestOAvn and the village 
was burneik It has never been i-ebnilt. A few ruins 
shoAv the place whei-e it once stooil. But Bacon dieil. 
Berkelev ivgaineil his jx^wer and punisheil the rel>els. 
The settlements, however, were not destroyeik and from 
these beginnings has grown the great State of Vii-gini^i, 

Blackboard Form. 

1607, Seffleme/if of 'ramestown, 
1 1^1 ^> * ItiffOiffiiikm of SJai'^rtf. 
. . ' /Tr-v/ Colonial A-s-^fnhl^. 

liynuii i^:^^,_irnr.jl of Seff/ers ]Vic€S. 
Colon 'J, j^.oo /;>.^ in,]ian Jfa-ss^icre. 
1»>-1:4, Second Indian Afassaere. 
lt>7<\ JB(ieon\s HelfeUion, 



Questions. — What plan did the colonists first pursue in regard to 
buikiing hou<<.s and raising cn>i^ ? Whjit plan was found to l»e l>etter ? 
What was fimnd to lie the nn^st profiiahle crop I Who taught the Euro- 
jiean how to use tol»acco I Who introduced it into England ? What was 
brought to the colony in 1619 ? Wliy were these negroes bouglit by the Vir- 
ginia planters ? When and whene did the first Colonial Assembly, or legis- 
lature, meet f Who was governor thon ? What was this Colonial Assembly 
calleil ? How did the Mrginians obtain wives ? Wliat were now the only 
difficulties ! Wlien did the two Indian m:issacres take place ? Who was 
gx^vernor in 1676 I What brave young lawyer rebelled against him f Why r 
Who was successful in this contest ? What hap|)eneti to Jamestown dur- 
ing Bacon's Rel>ellion r 

Write the Blacl^board Form for tlio Virginia ti»loiiy. 



EARLY HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 55 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XV, 

Tui'n to a riKip of Europe. Where is Holland ? AVhere is Amsterdam ? 
AViiat course wouid a vessel take in sailing from Holland to New York ? 
Turn to a maj} of the Middle Sttiten (iiid fiid Nerr Yorl. What river in the 
eastern part of this State ? What island at the mouth of tliis river ? What 
large city is partly situated upon this island ? AVhere is Albany ? What 
two States border upon the southeastern [)art of New York ? 

ClIAPTEH XV. 

EARLY HISTOKY OF NEW YORK. 

1. Six years after the first settlement of Jamestown 
traders from Holland established a trading post upon 
Manhattan Island (1G13), whei'e part of the cit}^ of New 
York no^v stands. The Dutch traders found it Yery 
profitable to buy skins and furs from the Indians. 

2. The Dutch bought the island of Manhattan from 
the Indians for twenty-four dollars. New Amsterdam 
\\'as the name given to the settlement upon this island, 
and the territory was called New Netherland. 

3. Large numljers of colonists Avei*e sent from Hol- 
land. A trading post was established as early as 1615, 
near the place \vhere Albany now stands. In 1624, a 
number of Dutch Protestants, or Walloons, as they Avere 
called, ascended the river, built a fort at the same place, 
and made a settlement. This wa^ called Fort Orano-e. 

o 

4. The Dutch also established trading posts in New 



56 



SECOND period: settlement. 



Jersey and Connecticut. All this territory was claimed 
bv them because of the discoveries of Henrv Hudson. 




PETEK sTL YVESAM'. 



This brought them into difficulty with the English, who 
also claimed the territory. 

5. Four Dutch governors had ruled over Xew Xether- 
land when it Avas granted by the King of England to his 
brother, the Duke uf York. Pfter Stuyvt^sant was the 
last of the Dutch o^overnoi-s. 



EARLY HISTOEY OF NEW YORK. ' 57 

6. He ^vas a brave old .soldier, and ^\'llell the Englisli 
came to take possession, lie was ready to iiglit them. 
But the people A\'ould not help him, and so he had to 
surrender. This ^Yas in 16(34. 

7. When the English obtained possession of New Am- 
sterdam, they changed its name to Ne^v York, after the 
king's brother. The Dutch did not get along very Avell 
^N'ith the Eii(j:lisli <2:overnors. One of these was driven 
a^vay, and a man named Leisler made himself governor. 
But another o^overnor Avas sent from Ensrland, and 
Leisler ^vas hano-ed for treason. 

8. The early Dutch settlers had many difficulties with 
the Indians. Their contest with the English may be 
called the second (puirrel over territory. 



Blackboard Form. 

f 1609, Hudson .River explored. 
New Yorh \ 1013, Settlement of New Amsterdam, 
Colon If. I 1624, Settlement of Fort Orange, 
L 1664, Englisli Conquest. 



Questions.— Who settled New York I Upon wluit island was the first 
settlement made ? What did the settlers pay for this island ? What large 
city is now partly situated upon Manhattan Island ? What name was given 
to this city by the early Dutch settlers ? What name was given to the ter- 
ritory ? What other settlements were made by the Dutch ? Upon what 
grounds did the Dutch claim this territory ? AVliat other nation claimed 
it ? How many governors had New Netherland ? Who was the last Dutch 
o-ove.rnor ? Wlio took possession of New Amsterdam while he was gov- 



"> SECOXD PEEJOP: SETTLZilEXT. 

emor .' To ^/ i: ^v li^ its name chang^ I After whom I WIio was Leis- 
ler i Wha: A' •^nevi to him? What was the s<:Con'^t tj^a^vrnel over lerri- 
tonr ? 

Write the BlacklKKurtl Form for the settlemeut of New 

York. 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

PkEFABLHTOKY TV THE SxiTDY OF ClLLPTEJlS X\~I. AXI> XVII. 

Tmnt t¥ a W4»j» «r' tkf 3>4«- £m^»J Siate^^ la uiiat part of 3iassaeha- 
setts is Pivmoath ? What bar ia the eastern part of 3lassachus4^tts ? 
Where is Salem ? Boston I Where is ^iarragansett Bay I What State 
toQches Connectieot on the west ? In what part of Connecticnt is Wind- 
sor I Hartford ? Xew Uaren ? In vrbat part of ^ew Hampshire is Do- 
rer ? Portsmouth ? In what part of Vermont is BnttlebofO ? Between 
what two States is Vermont ? 



iHAl^tK XVI 

PriaXAXS AND PILGRLMS. 

1. The ^rst settlement in what is now Massachusetts 
was made by English Puritans in lt>2*>. These Pimtans 
Avere |»e«>ple who held religious opinions *A their own. 
Avhieh weiv not ai-eeptalde t»» the Establisheil C^hureh. 
On aeci>unt i»f the:<e religious opinions, they were often 
^^ersecute^l in England. 

^. A number of them >4>u:^lii reiu^re in Holland. Al- 
though Avell treateil there, they were among strangei*s and 
were ni»t Avholly satisiie^T. They determined to cross the 
Atlantic, and make a home for themselves in the Xcav 
World. One huudreil and one i>f them came over in a 



PmiTAXS AXD PTTXJPJMS. 



59 



vessel named tlie Mayliower. and iimde the iirst settle- 
ment at PI} montli. 

3. Because tliey had moved so often, these Puritans 
were called Pilu-rims. It was Avinter an hen thev landed 
in America. The weather was very severe, ^hn-e than 
lialf of tliem died before the winter was over. 

4. At first the settlers were in o-reat fear of the 




Hi: MAY FLOW Ki;. 



Indians. A little military eom])any was organized. It 
was put nnder the command of a brave little man named 
Miles Standish, ^\'llo was its captain. 

5. There was, h()^vever, no need of feai*. Massasoit, 
the chief of the neighboring Indians, showed himself 
friendly. ' He sent one of his tribe named Samoset to 
\velcoine the newcomers. Samoset had learned some 



m 



SECOND pektod: settlement. 



Avords of English fi\nii lisLeriiieii, a few years before. 
AVlieii lie came to the Plymoiitli colouists aiul said, '* AVel- 
come, Euglishmeii," they were surprised to hear an 
Indian speak English. 

0. Another cohniy of Puritans came over from Eng- 
land in 1(^:?8. This 
was the Alassachu- 
setts Bay Colony. 
They made a settle- 




LANDIXG OF THE PILGRIM-. 



nient at Salem. In 1680, Boston was founded. Alany 
more colonists followed, and a nund>er of small to^vns 
sjM-ang up around Boston. 

7. The Puritans had suffered mucli in England on 
account of their religious helief. This suffering should 
have made them act kindly towards those ANdiose religion 
was not the same as theirs. Instead, however, of l)eing 
kind, they were often cruel. Roger AVilliams, an ehxpient 



PrRITAXS AND PILGRIMS. 



61 




youno^ minister, ^va8 driven from the colony. Anne 
Ilutcliinson, a pious woman, was also compelled to leave. 
A nnml^er of Quakers, ^vlio ^vere a (piiet, religious peo- 
})le, AN'ere persecuted wlien tliey visited the colony, and 
some \yeve put to death. 

8. At one time the colonists were filled ^vith supersti- 
tions about Avitches. These witches were women and 
girls, ^vho were Ijelieved to be under 
control of evil spirits. In Salem 
many innocent people were accused 
of witchcraft, and Ave re cruelly tor- 
tured, and put to death. The colo- 
nists soon came to see how foolish 
it was to believe in witches. 

9. In 1675, an Indian war broke 

. -, . . -MILES STANDISH. 

out. Ihe natives were beormnino^ to 
fear that tlie white people Avould settle too far from the 
coast, and would drive the red men from their forests and 
fields. Tliey raised the war-cry, not because they were 
cruel, Ijut to defend tlieir riulits. The Indians Avere led 
by King Pliilip, a son of Massasoit. After mucli liglit- 
ing tlie colonists were victorious. Xearly all the Indians 
Avere destroyed. King Pliili]) liimself Avas killed in the 
last l)attle of this war. 

10. For a long time tlie Massachusetts Bay Colony 
and tlie Plymouth Colony were under separate govern- 
ments. In 1691 they were united. From this union has 
grown the present State of ^lassachusetts. 



62 



SECOND period: settlement. 



MassacJi u setts 
Colon its. 



Blackboard Form. 

'' IGi^n, Landimj of the Pihjrims. 

U)i\s, Settlement of Sal em. 

1 6 o 0, Fo i( n (Jin g of Boston . 

1 (3 o , Ba n ish m en t of Boget • T Villi a ms. 

1C>75, King Philip s Wav. 

1691, Union of Plymouth and Massa- 
chusetts Ba[i Colonies. 

. 1692, Sdtm Witchcraft. 

Questions. — Where AViis tlic first settlement in Massachusetts made ? 
AVheu ? By whoiii ? Who were the Puritans ? Where did some of the 
Puritans first go after leaving England? Where did they afterwards go? 
How many first went to America ? AVhat was the name of their vessel ? 
Why were they called Pilgrims ? What fear had the early settlers ? Who 
was appointed captain ? Who was chief of the neighboring Indians ? 
How did he show friendship for the whites ? What son of his afterwards 
made war upon the whites ? What was the second ^Massachusetts colony 
called ? Where did this colony settle ? When \ When was Boston 
founded ? AVhat two pit)us ])ersous were driven from the colony ? What 
treatment did the Quakers receive ? What superstition filled the minds of 
the early settlers of Salem i Why did the Indians begin war ? What was 
the result of King Philip's War ? When did the two colonies unite ? 

AVrite the Blackboard Form for the 31assachusetts 
colonies. 



CHAPTER XVII. 



OTHEi: NKW KX(;LAXD SETTLE^fEXTS. 



1. The Dutcli c-laiined C'oiineeticnt as a part of Xew 
Netlierlaiid. .\ short time after XeAv .VmsterJaiu was 
settled, they l)iiilt a miniljer of ti'adiiig posts along the 



OTHER NEW ENGLAND SETTLEMENT?. 



G3 



shore of Lonir Islaud Soimd. and a fort ii|k»ii the Con- 
necticut River, 

2. The English, as we know, als<» claimed this terri- 
tory. In 1633, some c<»hjnists from ^Massachusetts made 
a settlement at AVindsor. The coinitrv Avas fotmd to be 









ROGER WILL1A>I-S A>'D THE XARRAGAXSETT5 



SO fertile that many others came and settled in the neigh- 
borhood. In 1636, Hartford was founded. 

3. AVhen Ii<jger AVilliams was banished from Massa- 
chusetts (1636), he went to what is now Ilhode Island. 
He was soon joined l)y others, and a settlement called 
Providence was made. 

4. The Indians of Rhode Island belono-ed to the tribe 
of Xarrao;ansetts. Their chief, who was named Canoni- 



64 



SECOXD PEKIOP: SETTLE:vrENT. 



oils, sLoAved gTeat frieiulsliip for Koger Williams. The 
most powerful tribe in all that region Avas the Pe([Uots, 
who orciipied the eastern portion of Conneetieut. These 
Avere unfriendly to the C'onneetiout settlers and deter- 
mined to make Avar upon them. 

5. Tliey tried to get the Xarragansetts to join them, 
hut' did not succeed, OAving to the friendsliip of these 

Indians for Eoger AVilliams. In 
the Avar that followed, the Pequot 
tribe Avas almost destroyed. This 
Avas in 1687. 

(). In the year folloAving the 
Pe(piot War XeAV Haven Avas 
settled. The colonists Avere pros- 
perous, and increased in num- 
bers. In 1(UV2, the Connecticut 
colonies united, and received a 
charter from the King of Eng- 
land. This charter was a writing that gave them many 
rights and privileges. 

7. Connecticut AViis governed under this charter for 
twenty-tive years. Then the king appointed Sir Ed- 
numd .Vndros governor of all the New England colonies. 
There Avere changes to be made in the gOA'ernment, and 
Andros demanded that the charter be gi\'en up. But the 
colonists did not wish to part Avith it. A meeting Avas 
held one night. At this meeting Andros expected that 
the charter ^vould be deliA'ered to him. 




OTHER NEW ENGLAND SETTLEMENTS. 65 

8. It ^vas brouglit out, and placed upon the table. 
As Andros was about to take it, all tlie liglits in tlie 
room ^vere suddenly blown out. When the candles were 
ao-ain lio4ited, the charter was nowhere to be seen. A 
man named William Wadswoi'th had caiTied it off. He 
hid it in the hollo^V' of an old oak. This oak ever since 
has been known as the Charter Oak. 

9. Of the other Ne^v England States, Ne^v Hampshire 
was settled in 1628 at Portsmouth and Dover. Maine 
was settled by emigrants from Massachusetts in 1630. 
For a long time Maine formed a part of that State. 
Vermont was settled in 1724 at Brattleboro. It was 
claimed by both New York and New Hampshire, but 
finally became an independent State. 

Questions. — By whom was Counecticiit claimed ? By whom were 
trading posts established? By whom was the first English settlement made? 
When ? Where ? When was Hartford settled ? New Haven ? Who set- 
tled Rhode Island ? AVhen ? Where ? What tribe of Indians inhabited 
Rhode Island ? What was the most powerful tribe of Indians in that re- 
gion ? W^hat became of them ? Who prevented the Narragansetts from 
going to war with the whites ? When did the Connecticut colonies unite ? 
What was given to them by the King of England ? What happened to 
it ? What governor tried to take it away ? Who hid it ? Where was 
it hid ? When and where was New Hampshire settled ? Who settled 
Maine ? When and where was Vermont settled ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XVIII. 

Tiirnto amap of Europe. Where is Sweden? Holland? In what part 
of Russia is Finland ? In what part of the English Channel is the Island 
5 



66 SIXOXD pkkii^d: SKTTLE>[KXT. 

of Jersey ? Turn ton map of the United St<ites and ^rind Delaicare. What 
State ti>uolics it on the north ? AVhere is New Jersey ? "What State lies 
west of the Delaware Kiver .' Where is Phihulel[^lua ? 

c'liArrKK will. 

DELAWARE. XEW JEIISEY, AXH rEXXSYLVAXIA. 

1. Delaware wa>i settled by a colony of Swedes and 
Finns in lO.'^S at Christina, where is now the eity of 
AVilniington. It was claimed by the Dutch as a part 
of tlieir teri'itory. Peter Stuyvesant. while governor of 
New Xetlierland, sent an army down to New Sweden, as 
Dehnvare was then called, and tO(^k possession of it. 

2. When Xew Xetlierland was conquered by the Eng- 
lish, all the Dutch territory was given to the Duke of 
York. The duke gave that portion of the Dutch terri- 
tory known as Dehiware to William Penn. the great 
English Quaker. 

3. The duke also gave the territory now known as 
Xew Jersey to two lords named Berkeley and Carteret 
Carteret had been governor of the Island of Jersey, in 
the English Channel, and so this territory was called 
Xew Jersey. A settlement was made at Elizabethtown 
in 16G4. 

•A. The King of England also gave William Penn some 
territorv. This territory lav west of the Delaware River, 
and it was given to Penn in ]xninent of a large debt 
which the kinii' owed Penn's father. As the Quakers 



DELAWARE, NEW JERSEY, AND PENNSYLVANIA. 



67 



were persecuted in Eughiiul on account of their way of 
worsliiping God, Penn's idea in acquiring possession of 
this huid \vas to liave a phice Avliere the Quakers would 
be at peace. 

5. In 1082, two thousan<l of them came over, and set- 
tled along the Delaware River. The same year Penn 
himself came over, and in 1688 founded Philadelphia. 
It was about this time 



that Delaware 
iriven to liim. 



^vas 
The 



Quaker colonies grew 
rapidly. They did not 
have difficulties like 
many of the other colo- 
nies. 

6. William Penn 



Avas a good 




Wll.J.IAM I'KNN. 



iiKl Wise 
man. He Nvas greatly 
loved and respected by 
the Indians, for he 
treated them fairly. 
Although the territory was given him, he thought it no 
more than right to buy it from the Indians, who lived 
upon it. 

7. When he first came to the colony, he invited them 
to a friendly meetin^^ with him. This meeting took 
])lace beneath a large elm ti'ee, known ever since as 



P 



enn s 



El 



m. 



68 SECO^'D pekiop: settlement. 

8. Peiin tokl the Iiuliaiis tliat the Quakers had come 
to live among them in peace and friendship. He made 
them many presents. They were delighted, and prom- 
ised that the Indians and the Quakers W(^uld live at 
peace as long as the sun and moon shone. This promise 
was never broken. 

Questions. — When was Delaware settled? "Where? By whom? 
"What name was given to tlie territory ? What Dutch governor took pos- 
session of it ? To whom was it afterwards given ? To wliom did the Duke 
of York give it ? To what two lords did tlic Duke of York give New Jer- 
sey ? "Where was the tirst settlement made ? When ? Why was Penn- 
sylvania given to "William Penn ? Why did "VS^illiam Penn obtain posses- 
sion of Pennsylvania ? IIow did he treat the Indians ? Where was the 
first settlement made ? When ? "When was Philadelphia founded ? "V\'hat 
promise did the Indians make Penn ? "Was it ke])t ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the I^tudv of Chapter XIX. 

Turn to a m'^pof Jlxri/hnid and Virginia. Where is the Pt)tomac River ? 
What bay divides ^Maryland into two parts ? What States touch Maryland? 
Where is Aunai)olis ? Where is Baltimore ? 



CHAPTER XIX. 

3IAKYLAXD. 

1. Puritans and Quakers were not the only people 
persecuted in England on account of their religion. At 
one time the Roman Catholics Avere badly treated. 

2, A good and wise Catholic nobleman, named George 



:\[ARYLAXD. 69 

Calvert, oljtaiiied a grant of laud from Charles L, the 
kine of Eiio*hiii(l. The title of this nobleuiau \vas Lord 
Baltimore. The land that ^vas given him lay north of 
the Potomac River. 

3. It ^vas his purpose to provide a place in the Xfew 
World where the people of his religion could make set- 
tlements. He died before any colonists \veve sent out, 
but his eldest son, Cecil, Ijecame the second Lord Balti- 
more and carried out his plans. 

4. The first settlement by the Calverts Avas made at a 
point a little north of the Potomac. The settlement was 
called St. Mary's, and the territory ^vas named Maryland, 
in honor of the Queen of England. The beginning of 
St. Mary's was made in 1634. 

5. Although Maryland was intended as a refuge for 
Catholics, many Protestants were among the early set- 
tlers. These Protestants were attracted by the ricliness 
of the land and the wise laws under which the colony 
was governed. One of these laws gave full religious 
liberty to all. 

,6. The Maryland colonists had some trouble Avitli Vir- 
ginia about the boundary. In 1635, a Virginia trader, 
named William Clayborne, claimed ])iiYt of the Maryland 
territory. Some of the Protestant settlers sided with 
him, and rebelled against the Maryland government. 
After some bloodshed, Clayborne was driven from the 
territory, but returned ten years later, and raised another 
rebellion. At first he was successful, but a large force 



70 



SKCOND PERIOD : SETTI.EMEXT. 



was sent against 
liini, and lie was 
again defeated. 

7. One of tlie 
settlements made bv 
the Protestants in 
M a r A' 1 a n d ^^ a s 




known as Providenee. 
In 1G9-1: it was made 
tlie capital, and its 
name ^\■as elianged to 
Annapolis. Baltimore 
was founded in 17:29. 
8. B e t Av e e n the 
years 17tu) and 1767, 
the boundary line between ^Taryland and Penns\ Ivania 
and that between ^laryland and Delaware Avere tixed. 
The one between ^laryland and Pennsylvania was 



CATUoucs colon:::in\; makyuand. 



MARYLAND. 71 



located hy two surve\'oi-s iiained Mascjii aud Dixon. 
It lias ever since been known as Mason and Dixon's Line. 



Blackboard Form. 



-r, 7 • f l^yH2, Fvr.^t Settlement 

^ [ 1683, Flnladelplmi Founded. 



•I ! 



Maryland. 



1634, First Settlement. 

' ^' - Ciayhorne's Fehellions. 
1645, \ ^ 

1694, Annapolis made Capital. 

1729, Baltimore Founded. 

'^' '- Boundaries Fixed. 



176 



i 1 



Questions. — Who besides Puritans and Quakers suffered religious per- 
secutious in England ? To what Catholic nobleman did the King of Eng- 
land grant Maryland ? Why did he desire territory in the New World ? 
Who carried out his plans ? Where was the first settlement made i When ? 
AVhat was it called ? After whom was Maryland named ? What law was 
passed ? Wiiat troubles had the early colonists ? Who instituted a rebel- 
lion ? When ( Wiiat was made the capital of Maryland ? When? When 
was Baltimore founded :' When were the boundaries of Maryland decided ? 
What surveyors fixed the boundary lines ? What line fixed by them has 
since become famous in United States history ( Where is this line ? 

Write the Blackboard Form for tlie colonies of Pennsyl- 
vania and Maryland. 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Stidv ok Chapter XX. 

Turn to a map of the f^outhern States. WHiat State south of Virginia ? 
What State south of North Carolina ? Wliat State between South Carolina 
and Florida ? AVhere is Albemarle Sound ? Chowan River ? Where is 
tiie Ashlev River ? Charleston ? Where is Savannah ? 



SECOND period: settlement. 



CHAPTER XX. 



CAKOLIXA AXD GEORGIA. 



1. Xot long after the eastern portion of Virginia was 
settled, })eople from that colony Avent soutli and formed 
settlements around the Chowan Eiver and Albemarle 
Sound. A clergyman named Roger Green led a colony 
to this reo'ion as early as 1653. A few scattered settle- 
ments may have been made before this. In the year 
1668, Charles IL, Kino- of Eno-land, o-ranted all the laud 
from Virginia to the Spanish territoiy of Florida to a 
number of English noblemen, ^vho ^vere called Lords 
Pi'oprietors. 

2. AuK^ng these noblemen were the Duke of Albe- 
marle, the Eai'l of Clarendon, and Lord Ashley. Great 
encourao^ement was held out to immioTants. Relio-ious 
liberty was promised. A colony was sent out by Lord 
Clarendon in 1670. This colony reached the mouth of 
the Aslile}' River and founded a town which they named 
Charles Town. Ten years later this colony moved to 
where the present city of Charleston is. 

3. Among the mauA^ colonists who were attracted to 
this region were laig*e nundjers of French Huguenots. 
The land was very fertile. Rice was introduced from 
Madagascar at an early date. It Avas found to l>e a 
profitable crop, and it soon became the principal one. 

4. In 1729, the Kino- of Eno-land bouo-ht the territory 



CAROLIXA AND GEOEGIA. 



73 



back from the Proprietors. He divided it into two 
parts, Xortli aud Soiitli Carolina, and appointed a gov- 
ernor for each. When the division was made, there still 
remained on the south a portion of territory not included 
in South Carolina. This territor}' ^vas by charter granted 
in 1732 to James Oglethorpe and other trustees. 

5. Georo-e II. ^vas the ]dng- who made this Pi'ant. 
The territory Avas named Georgia after him. Oglethorpe, 
who secured tlie charter from 
the king, was one of the best 
men connected with the early 
settlement of America. He 
Avas Avidely known for his 
bravery, for his kind heart, 
and for the many efforts he 
made to help the distressed. 

6. In those days it was 
the custom to put men in 
prison for debt. Oglethorpe 
felt that this ^vas unjust. 
He determined to found a colony in the New A\\>r](l 
where such men could q:o and beo'iu life airain. He 

>— o o 

would give them a chance to become comfortable and 
independent by their work. Many were glad to take the 
opportunity thus given them. 

7. Oglethorpe and his colony readied the Savannah 
River and founded the city of Sa\'annah. He managed 
all the affairs of the colonv with o-reat wisdom. Like 




JAMES OGLETHORPE. 



74 



SECOND period: SETTLE>[EXT. 



AVilliam Peiiii, be made peace with the Iiidiaus. His 
only troubles were witli the Spaniards of Florida. At 
one time a large Spanish Heet with 5,000 men threatened 
the Georgia colonies. Oglethorpe had only 8< >0 men. but 
lie managed ^vitll so much prudence that the Spaniards 
retreated. 

8. In 1752. nineteen years after its settlement, the 
charter Avas surrendered t<^ the king, and Georgia became 
a royal province. Very liberal laws Avere made. Many 
C(»lonists came over from Europe. Among them were a 
number of Germans. In a short time Georo-ia became 
one of the most prosj^erous of the American colonies. 



3C 



5) 



Blackboard Form. 

(' 1653, First Settlement. 
I 166o, Granted to Lords Proprietors. 
Carolina. - 1670, A-^Jihi/ Hirer Colony. 

Xmih Carolina I. 
\ South Carolina. 



17in\ Divided into ^ 



I 17oo, SavannaJi Founded. 
Georgia. -[ 1740, Trouble with the Spaniards. 
I 175i\ Becomes a Rotfed Province. 



Questions. — From Mlicre did the early settlers of Xorth Carolina come? 
Where did they form settlements ? "What king made a grant of the terri- 
tory south of Virginia ? When ? To whom ? How far south did this terri- 
tory extend \ Name three of the Lords Proprietors. When was Lord 

Clarendon's coUmiv sent out \ Where did it land ''. What town did thev 



LOUISIANA. 75 

foiiiul ? Who were ainongthe colonists ? What became the piinci[)al crop 
of tlie Carolina colonists ? What king bought back this territory i When? 
To whom did he grant the southern porti(Mi of it ? What name was given 
to it ? AVhat kind of man was Oglethorpe ? What custom i)revailed in 
England in tiiose days ? What city did Oglethorpe found ? What troubles 
had the early Georgia settlers ? What did the Georgia colony shortly 
become ? 

Write tlie Blackboard Form for tlie colonies of Carolina. 
Georgia. 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to tue Study of {'hapter XXT. 

Tu)'n to a map of Louisiana and Texas. In what pai't of Louisiana is the 
mouth of the Mississippi River ? What large river Hows into the Mississippi 
in Louisiana ? What State touches Louisiana on the east ? Where is New 
Orleans ( In what part of Texas is Matagorda Bay :' Where is the Nech. s 
Kiver ? In what direction is Illinois from ^latagorda Bay ? Turn to a map 
of Mississippi andjind Biloxi. How would you go by water from New Or- 
leans to Biloxi ? 



("HAPTEK XXL 

LOnSIAXA. 

1. After La Salle had sailed down tlie erreat Missis- 
sippi Kiver to its iiioutli, he went to France and told the 
king of his explorations. The king ^vas well pleased to 
hear that the great territory of Louisiana had been added 
to the Freneli possessions in America. 

2. It was the wish of La Salle to make a settlement 
at the month of tlie river he had explored. The king 
very readily gave him permission. In 1685, La Salle 



T6 SECOND period: SETTLE^[EXT. 

started ^vitli four vessels and 250 men. He missed the 
mouth of tlie Mississipj^i, and reached a bay further west, 
that is noAv known as Matagorda Bay. 

3. Here La Salle landed and built a fort. A number 
of misfortunes had happened to him. Two of his ships 
were lost, and his naval commander, Beaujeu [bo-zhoo], 
quarreled ^vith him and left in a third ship for France. 
Shortly after this he lost the fourth vessel. The Indians 
Avere very unfriendly, and he was on territory claimed by 
Spain. 

4. AVitli tAventy picked men he started across the coun- 
try. His purpose was to reach either the Mississippi 
Eiver, or the French settlement tliat had l)een made in 
Illinois some years previously. 

5. He arrived at a point near the Xeches River, in the 
southeastern part of Avhat is noAV Texas. Here his men 
(juarreled, and La Salle was killed. The great and l)rave 
explorer who had done so much for France in the Xew 
AVorld did not liv(- to know hoAv important Avere his 
explorations. 

6. In 1699, Iberville, accompanied by his younger 
brother Bienville, entered the Mississippi. He sailed up 
as far as the Red River. On his return, IberA^lle made 
explorations in Avhat is noAv the southern portion of Mis- 
sissippi, and planted a colony near an Indian village. It 
AA'as called Biloxi. 

7. He Avas soon joined by Bienville. Sau voile AA^as 
appointed goA^ernor of the colony, and Iberville returned 



LOUISIANA. 



to France. Upon the death of Sauvolle, Bienville be- 
came governor. In 1718, a point ^va8 selected npon the 
left bank of the Mississippi River, and the city of New 
Orleans was founded. 

8. From these French settlements near the mouth of 
the Mississippi to the French settlements in Canada there 




FOUNDING OF NEW ORLEANS, 



was soon established a line of forts and trading posts. 
These posts were built along the Mississippi, the Ohio, 
and the Great Lakes. The English colonies upon the 
Atlantic coast were thus almost enclosed on the land side 
by the territoiy occupied by tlie French. We shall see 
what quarrels the French and Englisli had over some of 
this territorv. 



SECOXD teriod: settlement. 



Lo 



uimana, - 



Blackboard Form. 

154:2, T7.v//*^// ly Be Soto. 
1682, Rrphreifh/ La Salle, 
1699, SettM at Bilari bf/ IherviUe. 
171 S. 3??r Orleans Founded, 



Questions. — Who first saileil down the Mississippi River to its mouth? 

What name tliu he give the territory he explored ? To whom did he go 

to tell of his explorations I IIow did the 
French king receive the news ? How did 
La Salle first reach the Mississippi River 
before sailing down to its mouth ? After 
returning from France, how did he try to 
reach it r "With how many ships did he 
sail ? With how many men ? When? Who 
was his naval commaudor r What did he 
reach in place of the mouth of the Missis- 
sippi ? Wliat misfortunes happened to him .' 
What became of La Salle ? What French- 
man entered the >[ississippi ? How far up 
did he go I What settlement did Iberville 
LA 5AIXK. make ? When ? Where i Who was the 

first governor ? The second ? When was 

New Orleans fonndetl ? How was the territory of Louisiana and Xew 

France connected ? What colonies were almost surrounded by French 

territory ? 

\Vrito the Blackboard Form for Louisiaua. 




REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

What part of North America was claimed by Sj^ain ? Name the principal 
Si>ani>h discoverers and explorers. What two Spanish settlements were 
made in what is now the Unitetl States ? When were these settlements 
made .' What part of North America was claimed by Enghuid ? Name the 
principal English explorers. What was the first permanent English settle- 



LOUISIANA. 79 

ment ? What settlements were made by English Puritans ? Quakers ? 
Catholics ? What was the lost colony of America ? What was the first 
quarrel over territory ? Name the principal events of early Virginia history. 
Massachusetts. Maryland. New York. Connecticut. When was Boston 
founded ? New York ? Philadelphia ? Baltimore ? Charleston ? Savan- 
iiali ? New Orleans ? Who Avas Captain John Smith ? William Penn ? 
James Ogletliorpe ? Peter Stuyvesant ? Edward Wingfield ? Roger Green ? 
Roger Williams ? Cecil Calvert ? Miles Standish ? Natlianiel Bacon ? 
Powhatan ? Samoset ? Pocahontas ? Massasoit ? Opecancanough ? 
What four explorers are connected with the Mississippi River ? What was 
the fate of La Salle ? AVliat two brothers first entered the mouth of the 
Mississippi River ? After whom was New York named ? Virginia ? 
Georgia? Louisiana? Maryland? New Jersey ? Pennsylvania? Why is 
Penn's Elm famous ? The Charter Oak ? What two rebellions occurred in 
the early history of the English Colonies ? 

Write what yoii know of John Smith. William Penn. 
James Oglethorpe. La Salle. 

Write the Blackboard Form for Virginia. New York. 
Massachusetts. Pennsylvania. Maryland. The Carolinas. 
Georgia. Louisiana. 

SPECIAL EXERCISE. 

Visit some interesting place not far from where you live, and explore it. 
Tell your teacher about your exploration, and see if you can draw a map or 
diagram showing the positions of the different objects you noticed during 
your visit. 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XXII. 

Turn to a map of the Middle States. In what part of New York is Schen- 
ectady ? Where is Albany ? What bounds New York on the north ? In 
what direction from Albany is Montreal ? Turn to a map of North America. 
Where is Cape Breton Island ? AVhere is Nova Scotia ? How would you 
go by water from Boston to Cape Breton Island ? To Quebec ? 



so 



SECOND teriod: settlement. 






§ 

^ 



►3^ 



^ 
.?^ 



EnqJish, 



Review Outline. 

1585 Xortli Carolina (attempted ). 

1607.. .. Virginia. 

16:?0 Jlassach usetts. 

1623 Kew Harnpsliire. 

1633 Con necticut. 

1634 Maryland. 

1636 Rhode Island. 

1653 Xortli Carolina. 

1664 Xeio Jersey. 

1670 South Carolina, 

1681 Pennsylvania. 

1733 Georgia. 

( 1562 South Carolina (attempted). 

I 1564 Florida {^attempted). 

1605 Xova Scotia. 

French. - 1608 Quebec. 

1685 Texas (attempted). 

, 1699 Piloxi. 

1^ 1718 Xew Orleans. 

ni(tch...UnS Xeiv Yor7.\ 

Sicedisli. . .1638 Delaware. 

f 1565 St. Augusfine. 



Spanish. 



1582 Smta Fe. 



English in red : Spanish in blue : French in black ; Dutch and 
Swedish in full-face type. 



REVIEW OF SECOND I'KRIOD. 81 

Review Outline. 

1562 South Carolina (attempted) ^ 

1564 Florida {attempted ). 

1565 St. Augustine. 

1582 Sa7ita Fe. 

1 585 North Carolina {attempted). 

1605 Nova Scotia. 

1607 Virginia, 

1608 Quehec. 

1613 New York, 

1 620 Massachusetts. 

1 <)23 New Hampshire, 

1638 Connecticut. 

1634 Maryland. 

1636 Rhode Island. 

1638 Delaware. 

1653 North Carolina. 

1664 New Jersey. 

1670 South Carolina. 

1681 Pennsylvania. 

1685 Texas {attempted). 

1699 Biloxi. 

1718 New Orleans. 

1733 Georgia. 

Nations shown by colors and type as in preceding outlines. 
Colored crayons may be used on the blackboard. 




Tl^ii'd Period: 
Goloinal Gi'o\Vtb 



CHAPTER XXII. 



COLONIAL JTALOrSIES. 

1. The English sertlemeuts were all made along the 
Atlantio coast. The French settlements were made in 
Canada and along the Mississippi Kiver. French settle- 
ments were also made in what is now Xova Scotia, called 
by the French, Acadie : by the English. Acadia. 

2. As time passed on. both French and English colo- 
nists grcAv in numbers. It was not long before they be- 
came jealous of one another. France and England quar- 



COLONIAL .TEALOrSIKS. 83 

reled several times in Europe w liile America was being 
settled. Whenever the motlier countries Avent to war 
witli eacli <>ther, the Ensclish and Frencli colonists did 
the same. 

3. In these wars between the colonists, tlie Fi-encli 
^vere assisted bv Indians. The Ensrlish colonists suffered 
greatly from the cruel t\^ of the Indians. Many help- 
less old men, ANomen, and children Avere massacred by 
them. 

4. Eacli of tliese colonial Avars is known l)y the name 
of the king or queen that ruled ovtM' England at the 
time. The wars wei'e : King William's War, Queen 
Anne's Wai', and King George's War. 

5. Kin<j: William's War be<i:an in 1()89 and ended in 
1697. It was in this war that the Indians fell upon the 
little village of Sclienectady, in the eastern part of Xew 
York, and put to death nearly all the inhabitants. The 
Euirlish, in this same Avar, r)lanned an exDedition from 



.^D 



planned an exp 



Albany against Montreal. Another Avas to start from 
Boston and capture Quel)ec. Both failed. 

6. Queen Anne's AVar began in 1702 and lasted eleven 
yeai's. A number of villages in New Hampshire, Massa- 
chusetts, and Connecticut Avere destroyed by the French 
and Indians. The English, in this Avar, conquered Aca- 
dia. Its name Avas changed to Nova Scotia. 

7. Kinof Georfye's AVar l)eg:an in 1744, and ended in 
174S. The great event of tliis Avar was the capture of 
Louis])uro' by tlie Eno-Hsh colonists. Louisl)urg Avas a 



o 



84 THIRD PERIOD : COLONIAL GROWTH. 

sti'ongly fortified city on the island of Ca|)e Breton. It 

I'equired .six weeks and nnicli hard fighting to take it. 

When peace Avas declared, the city was given back to 
the French. 

Questions. — Name three wars between the English and French colo- 
nies ? Where were the English settlements made ? French ? What was 
Nova Scotia formerly called ? When did wars between the English and 
Frencli colonists arise ? Wiiat colonists w^ere assisted by the Indians ? 
When did King William's War begin ? How long did it last ? When did 
Queen Anne's War begin ? When did it end ? How long did King George's 
War last ? When did it begin ? What massacre took place in King Wil- 
liam's W^ar ? What conquest was made by the English in Queen Anne's 
War ? What fortified city Avas taken by tlie English in King George's War ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XXHI. 

Turn to a mop of the United States. What States border on the Ohio 
River ? What States between the Ohio and Potomac Rivers ? What States 
between Virginia and tlie Mississippi River ? Turn to a map of the Mid- 
dle States. In going from the southeastern part of Virginia to the eastern 
part of Ohio, what mountains would have to be crossed ? 



CHAPTER XXIIL 

THE GPvEAT VIRGINIAN. 

1. Yirginia was settled by some of tlie best and 
})ravest people of England. When tlie Frencli claimed 
the territory around the Ohio River, because of the dis- 
coveries by La Salle and Marquette, the Virginians de- 
termined not to recoo-nize the claim. 



THE GEKAT VIRGIXIAX. R5 

2. This territory was kuowii to early settlers as the 
Great Woods. It supported an abimdaiice of game from 
which valuable furs were obtained. As the Virginians 
considered that their tei'i'itory extended from the Atlan- 
tic to wherever the Pacific might be, they looked upon 
the Great Woods as a part of Virginia. 

3. The French wrote their claim to the land upon a 
lead plate. This they Iniried on the bank of the Ohio 
River. Tliey then occupied the region Avith troops, and 
built several forts. 

4. In 1753, Robert Dinwiddle was governor of Vir- 
ginia. He determined to send a written protest to the 
French against their occupation of the disputed territory. 

5. The undertaking to carry this protest ^vould have 
manv difhculties and dano^ers to encounter. Mountains 
would have to be crossed. Unknown woods ^vould have 
to be traveled through. The journey would occupy 
many days. The Ijearer of the message ^vould have to 
be brave, strong, wise, and persevering. 

6. Dinwiddle found the right person in a young Vir- 
ginian after\vards famous in American history. This 
was Georore Washing-ton. Thouoh but twenty-one years 
of age, he had already held important positions. At six- 
teen he surveyed some lands belonoino; to Lord Fairfax, 
an English nobleman living in Virginia. x\t nineteen he 
was adjutant-general of the northern district of Virginia. 

7. From his boyhood he was known for his great 
truthfulness. It was this same brave, truth-loving young 



86 



THIRD PERIOD: COLOXIAL GROWTH. 




man who afterw ards becaiue lirst President of the United 

States and Father of liis country. 

8. AVashino^ton carried the messa2:e safely. The 

French general, whose name Avas St. PieiTe, received 

liim with re- 
spect, but told 
him that the 
French would 
not withdraw 

^^^(^^^^^-^ '^li^'^ tory ; and with 
this a n s ^^ e r 
AVashington set out on his return. 

9. On the w^ay he met many 
dausrers. Several times he came 
near losino- his life. ( )nce a treach- 
erous Indian guide sliot at him. 
AVhile crossing a river, he fell into 
tlie Avater. As it Avas winter and 
the river ^vas filled with ice, he reached land Avith ofreat 
difficulty. Tlie horses gave out before the journey 
back was finished, but AA'ashington shouldered a knap- 
sack and walked througli the snoAv until he reached 
the white settlement. Here he got another liorse. 
Then he returned to A^irginia and delivered the rej^ly 
of the French general. He also brought back valuable 
information to the governor. His pluck and perserver- 
ance won him mauA^ friends. 




WASHINGTON S DANGKli. 



THE GREAT QrAREEL OVER TERRITORY. 87 

Questions. — What territory was claimed by Virginia ? Wliy did the 
French claim it ? What name was given to this territory by the early set- 
tlers ? How did the French formally take possession of this territory ? 
Who was the governor of Virginia in 17oo ? Wliat did he determine to 
do ? Whom did he send with the protest to the Fi-ench ? What dangers 
did this messenger cnconnter ? Who was the French general that occupied 
the Great Woods ? What message did he send back to Dinwiddle ? What 
do you know of George Washington ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XXIV. 

Turn to a map of the Middle States. Where is Lake George ? Where is 
the Niagara River ? In what direction would an army march from Canada 
to Lake George ? W^hat river between West Virginia and Ohio ? Where 
is Pittsburg ? At the junction of what rivers is it ? 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

THE GREAT QL'AKKEL OAEU TERKITOPvY. 

1. After Washino^ton arrived \vifli tlie answer of St. 
PieiTe, it was determined to send an expedition against 
the Frencli. A force nnder command of Wasliinuion 
was sent to occupy the disputed territor\. 

2. When the troops were still some distance from the 
point where Pittsburg now stands, they surprised and 
defeated a party of Frencli under Jumonville, who Avas 
killed in the fight. This was the battle of Great Meadows. 

3. AVashino;ton then made a rude fort and called 
it Fort Necessity. Very soon a large Ijody of French 
appeared, and surrounded this fort. The ammunition 



<^ TKIKI]» rSHKIk: C^HjSSIAI. GfiLkWTB. 

of the English kad given imt. sc» Washingti^ waks f«:««ed 
to sam?nder. He and his num soeceeded, however, in 
making their way baek to Virginia- This was in 175JL 

-I:. The de^t at Fort Xecvss^ty aivKised the Et^rlish. 
It made them fc«l that if they wanted the terriiorv 
claimed they must fight f i<r it. A war began, known as 
the Freneh and Indian ITar. It was to decide whether 
Ei^rland €4- France shoohl own the lai^er part of Xorth 
America. 

5. The Briti^ g^^neials that t«x»k the most piVHuintent 
part in this war w«e AbeicriMnlMe. Amherst. Braddock. 
and TTotte". The French had a veiy brave g««i^al named 
Montcalm. 

6w At the lieginning of the war, f«>ar ej^peditions w«^ 
planned by the English. Two wei^ soccessfuL One of 
these was to northern Xew York, wheie the French wei>? 
defeate«l near Lake Gev^ge. The tHher was to Acadia. 

7. ^kVTi«i the English e«:*nqQejed Acadia some years 
bef i^re. they pcnnitted the French to lemain. These 
gave the Ei^li^ some trcNible wIk^h the French and 
Indian War Iwvike out. The exj«edirion that was n«:»w 
sent captwed the Aca^lian ^^rtSw The Aes^liatts thaoi- 
selves w«»e croeDy fc^rt^ed to leave their li->mes^ A srreat 
many of them were carried «:^ by English vessels to 
English coliHiies aloi^ the coast. S<i«»e' found their way 
to Louisiana. 

8. The ocher two expeditions weie n*>t successfuL 
One Avas a^rainst ^iasara. and one was as^nst the Fi«ich 



ENGLISH DEFEATS. 89 

Fort I)u Qiiesue. This fort had been built where Pitts- 
burg now stands. The leader of this expedition was 
the commander-in-chief of the Eng-lish forces, General 
Edward Braddock. 

Questions. — Who was sent to occupy the disputed territory ? Wiiat 
victory did he win ? Wliat was the French commauder's name ? How was 
Washington forced to surrender, and wliere ? Wliat war began with these 
battles ? Who were the four principal English generals in tliis war ? Who 
was the principal French general ? How many expeditions were planned 
at the beginning of the war ? What two were successful ? Who was the 
commander-in-chief of the English ? AYliat expedition did he lead ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XXV. 

Turn to a map of the Middle States. In what part of IMaryland is Cumber- 
laud ? In what part of Virginia is W^illiamsburg ? How would an tirmy 
go from Williamsburg to Cumberland ? In what direction is Pittsburg from 
Cumberland ? In what part of New York is Ticonderoga ? 



CHAPTER XXV. 

ENGLISH DEFEATS. 

1. Braddock's army consisted of 1,000 soldiers from 
Eno:land. These had been accnstomed to fio-htino- in the 
wars of Euro})e, but knew nothing of the Indian way of 
fighting. They were joined by about the same number of 
colonial troops from Virginia, Maryland, and New York. 

3. General Braddock was a brave soldier, but he was 
very stubborn and would not take advice. He thought 



90 



THIRD pkriod: poloxial growth. 



tliiit the Eiiii-lisli soldiers could do all the Hii-htiiiu", and 
that the French and Indians would not he able to stand 
ao:ainst them. 

3. Although he kne^v nothing about the country 
through which he was to travel, he refused the assistance 
of a celebrated ranger and hunter named (>aptain Jack. 

This ranger ^vas used to 
the Gi'eat Woods, and he 
had offered to o-o with his 
companions in advance of 
Braddock, and keep liim 
informed of the move- 
ments of the eneni}'. 

4. It was in June, 1755, 
Avhen the army started 
from Fort Cumberland in 
what is now the western 
part of Maryland. Instead 
of traveling as fast as possible so as to surprise the 
French, the English army proceeded through the Avoods, 
with drums beatino- and flao:s ilyino-. Much time was 
wasted. The English often stop}>ed to build good roads 
to march over. 

5. Washington accompanied the expedition. He made 
wise suo-o-estions and o-ave o'ood advice to the sreneral, 
but Braddock Avould not listen to him. The army soon 
drew near Foi't Du Quesne. Its movements had been 
watched bv Indian scouts all along. 




BKADUOCK ANL» CAI'TAIN JACK. 



ENGLISH DEFEATS. 91 

6. AVlieu the French coiumaudaiit of Fort Dii (juesiie 
lieard that Braddock's army Avas near, he tliouglit of 
retreating. But one of his young captains, named De 
Beaujeu, offered to go out and give Braddock battle. 
The commandant permitted him to do so. 

7. De Beaujeu had about eiglit liundred and sixty 
men, most of Avlioni ^^^ere Indians. He ])osted tliem be- 
hind rocks and trees. When tlie English came up, he 
opened a hot lire upon them. This was not tlie European 
Av^ay of lighting. Many of the English ^vere shot down. 
The rest retreated in a panic. 

8. The Indians would have followed np the success 
and massacred the Hying soldiers, were it not that Wash- 
in j^ton and his brave Virmnians stood their o-round. 
They had posted themselves behind rocks and trees just 
as the French and Indians had done, and opened a deadly 
fii'e upon the enemy ^vhei'ever he appeared. The rear of 
the retreating army was thus protected by them. Brad- 
dock was mortally Avounded in this battle and De Beaujeu 
was killed. 

9. In the lirst years of the French and Indian War, 
the English were defeated several times. Fort William 
Henry, on Lake George, surrendered to General Mont- 
calm in 1757, and the Eni'dish crarrison was massacred 
by the revengeful Indians of his army. In 1758, Mont- 
calm defeated General Al^ercrombie, who, with a large 
arm}' of English and colonial troops, had attacked Fort 
Ticoncleroga. Iii this battle the English lost 2,000 men. 



92 THIRD 1'eriod: poloxial growth. 

Questions. — Of how numy did Braddock's arm\' consist ? What kiud 
of a man was Braddock i AVhose services did he decline ? AVlien and from 
what phice did liis army start ? How did iiis army travel ? Who accom- 
panied him ? What did Washington do ? What young French captain 
offered to light Braddock ? IIow did the French and Indians arrange them- 
selves ? What was tlie residt of the battle ? Who saved the defeated army 
from massacre ? What other defeats did the English suffer in this war ? 
What French general captured Fort William Henry ? When ? What Eng- 
lisli general was defeated by Montcalm at Ticonderoga { When ? How 
many men did the Englisli lose in this battle ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study or Chapter XXVI. 

Where is Louisburg ^ Where is Ticonderoga :' In what part of Penn- 
sylvania is Pittsburg ? Where is the Niagara River ? In what part of 
Canada is Quebec i* Upon what river is Quebec ? 



CHAPTER XXVI. 



EXGLISTI SUCCESSES. 



1. After Braddock and Abercronibie had been so 
badly defeated, Greneral Amlierst won some very im- 
portant victories for tlie Englisli. In 1758, lie sailed to 
Cape Breton Island, and captured Louisburg. This time 
it was not o-iven back to the French. 

2. Next year Amherst captured Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point. These were two strono- forts in the north- 
eastern part of Xew York. ^lean while Washington 
captured Fort Du Quesne, and the English General Pri- 
deaux took Xiaii'ara. 



ENGLISH SUCCESSES. 



93 




3. Tims the French were driven 
back to Canada. The strongest city 
in America ^vas Quebec. The 
English having decided to con- 
quer Canada, an expedition was 
sent out against Quebec. 

4. The commander of the ex- 
pedition was a brave young gen- 
eral named AVolfe. His army con- 
sisted of 8,000 men. General 

MONTCALM. 

Montcalm, who had about as 
many men, occupied the city. 

5. Quebec is built upon a high bluff, and Wolfe found 
it almost impossible to reach the top. For two months 
he besieged the place. At last he discovered a rough, 
narrow pathway to the top of the bluff*. The French 
thought it ^vould be impossible for a whole army to go 
up this little path, and so they did not guard it very well. 

6. AVolfe brought his army one 
night to the foot of this path. 
They moved so quietly that the 
French knew nothino; about what 
the}^ were doing. By morning the 
whole army was at the summit 
of the bluff, and on the Plains of 
Abraham just outside the city. 

7. The French army came out of 
Quebec, and a battle Avas fought. 




94 



THIED period: COLONIAL GKOWTH. 




The Eng'lisli were victori- 
ous. AVolfe and ]\Ioiit- 
oaliu sliowed great brav- 
ery. Both Avere mortally 
^\ oiiiided. Both died hap- 
])y — Wolfe, because his 
ai'uiy had won ; ^lontcalm, 
because he was not to live to see the surrender of Quebec. 



WOLFK S AlOlV 



Questions. — What English general won important victories? What 
fortified town did lie captnre ? When ? What two forts in Xew York did 
he take ? When i Who captnrcd Fort Du' Quesne about this time ? 
What general took Niagara ? What English general was sent against 
Quebec ? How many men did he have ? What Freneh o(>iieral occupied 
the city ? Why was Quebec ditHeult to capture ! AVhat ]dains are just 
outside the city ? How did Wolfe's army reach the Plains of Abraham ? 
What was the result of the battle ? 



RESrLTS OF THE WAii. 05 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XXVII. 

Turn to a map of the United States. Wliat States lie east of the Missis- 
sippi River ? What States border on Canada ? What States and territo- 
ries west of the ^lississippi River ? What country lies north of the United 
States ? To whom does it belong ? 

CHAl^TEK XXVri. 

ItESULTS OF THE A\'A1J. 

1. Peace was made l)etween France and England in 
17GP.. The Frencli and Indian AVar tlms came to an end. 
In tlie treaty of peace, France agreed to give up all her 
territory in x\merica, except two small islands near New- 
foundland. 

2. Canada and most of the territory east of tlie Mis- 
sissippi Ri\er were given to England. Tlie land west of 
the Mississippi, including Ne^v Orleans on the east side 
of the river, was given to Spain. 

3. The Indians who had assisted the Frencli did not 
stop fighting Avhen the French did. An Indian chief 
named Pontiac troubled the Eno-lish colonists for several 
years. He ^Nas at last conquered. 

4. The French and Indian War gave the colonists 
much experience in fighting. England had furnished 
the arms, the ammunition, and the generals. The colo- 
nies had furnislied tlie soldiers. These soldiers learned 



Oi» TH1KP tkkiop: ooi.v^niat. o,rowth. 

i\\\ alKUii war, ami this kuoA\ IoiIl^'o soon iKH'anie valuablo 
to them. 

5. The expense of eai'r\ liii: on the war was Lireat. 
It had eost Kng'hmJ nuu-li nionev. It had eost the eoh^- 
nies botli nionev and men. Knu'huul was paid baek by 
the hirgv territory she had w on. bnt she thought the 
eolonies ought at least to return to her the money she 
had spent. 

G. The eolonists did not think this was right. AVhen 
Kngland tried to make them pay taxes, it eaused much 
trouble. Tlie sueoess of their sohliers gave the eolonists 
nnieh eoutiilenee in themselves. If Eughiud w as going 
ti^ treat them unjustly, they ^vv>llhl ivsisr. Their resist- 
ance, as \\ e shall see, brought about the Kevolutiou. 

Questions. — When was peace declared between France and England I 
Wnar vlid Fnuice lose by the French and Indian War r What territory was 
given up to Enghuid i What did England furnish in this war ? What did 
the colonists furnish t What did the colonists learn ? How was England 
repaid for tUe expense of the war ? What did she, nevertheless, think that 
the colonists o\ight to do ? AVhy did the colonists now liave confidence in 
themselves { What Indian chief g-ave the colonists much trouble after this 
war i 

SPECIAL EXERCISE. 

Get some one who has traveled to tell you alH-»ut wliere he ]\as lv?en. 
Frvmi what he tells you. write an account of his travels, and let yoar teacher 
read it. Do yttu know anyone who has ever seen Indians t If so, get him 
to tell you alK>ui these people. Then write a description of how they 
Ux>ked, dressevl. talked ; and what kind of liouses they lived in. How did 
the town or county in which you live get its name i Find out, and see if 
vou cannot write a little historv. 



KEVTEW OF THIRD PERIOD. 



97 



Review Outline, 



CO 
I 



JO 
I- 









French and Indian War. 

Cause, Disputed Territovfj. 

^ Braddoch. 
J Ahercromhie, 
Amherst. 
Wolfe. 



^ 

^ 



EnglislL 



( I)e Jvmonville. 
French. -^ De Coatrecmur, 
I Montcalm. 



British 

Victories. 



1754.... Great Meadows. 
1755 — LdJce George. 
^^rQ \ Louishurg. 



1759 



I Fort Du Quesne. 
'' Ticonderoga. 

CrownPoint, 

Niagara. 

Qiiehec. 

1 754. . . lujrt Necessity. 
1755... .Braddocl^'s Defeat. 
1757... Fort William Henry. 
1758 — Ticonderoga. 

End of the War. 1763.... Trealyy of Peace. 



French 

Victories. 



93 TTTTKP rKKIOP: rOT.OXTAT. (.KOWTH. 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

Name four Spanish discoveiors and explorers. Four Eufrlish discoverers 
anil explorers. Four F'reneh discoverers and explorers. What part of the 
New World was claimed l>y France .' Bv Enuland ■ AVhen was the Hrst ]>er- 
manent French settlement made ? English .^ "Niune the three inter-colonial 
wars. When did each begin ? What Avas the cause of the French and 
Indian War ? AVhen did it begin ? Name tlie French victories ? The 
English victories. AVho was Braddock i ^[ontcalm ? Abercrouibie ? 
De IJeaujeu ? Amherst ! Was'.iington '. AVolfe .' Prideaux ? 

AVrito Avliat vou k!i(»\v of Kraddotk. 
AVriti* Avliat yon kij(>>v of the oaptiiro of l^iicboo. 
AVrito the l\oview Out lino of the Froncli and Indiau 
AVar. 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

PrVPAKATOKV to TMK StUPV l^F (."HAinKKS XXVI II. — XXXI. 

AVhere is Philadelphia ? Where is Boston ! Xame the States between 
Maine and Florida that border upon the Atlantic. In what direction is 
Philadelphia from Bosttni ? lli»\v would y»ni go by land from Virginia to 
Boston ? What States east of New York ? What mountains in these 
States ? Where is Tic«>ndero!2:a ? Crown Point ? 




f'oartl} Period: 

RcVolatioi^ ^^' 

CHxYPTER XXVIII. 

WIIV 11 IK COLONISTS IIP:srSTEL). 



1. From time to time some very unjust laAvs liad been 
made l)y England for the government of the colonies. 
Wlien ]a\vs are unjust and people are forced to ol)ey 
them, we call tliis use of power tyranny. Bi'ave people 
seldom submit to tyranny. 

2. One of the laws, made l)y iMighmd as far l)ack as 
16^)0, forl)ade the colonists to build oi* nse their own 
ships. Although many things wew ex[)orted or sent to 
Europe, tlie law was that only English vessels were per- 



IW FOURTH rFKIOD: KKVOLITIOX. 

mitted to be used. This law was known as the Xavio-a- 
tion Aet. 

o. Ill 17»U. Acts <»f Trade were passed. These com- 
pelleil the eok>nists to send their products, sncli as snixai', 
rice, tobacco, and indigi\ to England only. They were 
forbidden to ti*ade witli any other country. At one time 
the colonists ^^ ere not permitted to manufacture certain 
articles for themselves. The object Avas^ to make them 
buy these articles abroad, anil they were allowed to Iniv 
froni none but English merchants. 

-A. Laws Avere also made in England to tax the colo- 
nists for the expenses of the French and Indian AVar. 
One of these laws was known as the Stamp Act. It 
compelled the colonists to write or print on stamped 
paper every promissory note, bond, in- other legal docu- 
ment, and also every newspaper and almanac. The 
stamped paper was sold only by the English Government. 

5. Another way by which England tried to raise 
money in America was to reipiire the colonists to pay a 
tax on the tea they used. Taxes were iilso imposed 
upon jiaint. varnish, glass, and other things. 

C>. Tliese tax laws were made in England. Euixlish 
laws are made by men from different parts of the king- 
dom. These men represent the peo})le of England and 
form the Parliament, or legislature. 

7. The colonists did not have representatives in Par- 
liament, anrl it should not have im^x^sed taxes ujx>n 
them, for taxation without rejuvsentation is n(^t riofht. 



win' TiiK ('or.oNTsTs KKSiS'n<:i). 



lot 



x\inong tlie colonists (lu'ic wcic iiiany l)rave men who 
^vel•e Avilliiig to tight iuid dio for w liat they thouglit to 
be right; 8o they detenniiied. to resist. 

8. Tlie stamped paper that Avas sent over was either 
destrojed or returned to Enghiud. When tlie tax was 




BUsTDN TKA PAUTY. 



pLaced on tea, the colonists stopped using it altogether. 
A number of men disguised as Indians went one niglit 
on board a vessel loaded Avitli t(^a, and tlirew it all into 
the water. This took place in P>oston harbor, and is 
known as the I)oston Tea l^irty. 



102 ForRTii period: revotxtton. 

9. Eiiu'laiul Ix'caiiie aiiu'i'v at tlu; resistance of the colo- 
nists, and sent soldiers over to compel them to obey. 
These sohliers were (quartered in Boston. Very soon 
trouble arose between them and the people. 

Questions. — AVluat is tyranny ? AVhcn did England pass unjust la^\'s 
iov the government of the colonies ? What was the Navigation Act ? 
What were the Trade Acts ? What was the Stamp Act ? What was the 
Tea Tax ? What other articles were taxed ? How did the colonists resist 
the Stamp Act ? ITow did they resist the Tea Tax ? Why did they object 
to being taxed ? What Avas the Boston Tea Party ? What step did Eng- 
land take to compel the colonists to obey ? 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

OETTTNG READY. 

1. Tlie sendinc: of soldiers to Massachusetts aroused 
all the colonies. Yirj^inia and Massachusetts took the 
lead in resistino: Eno-land. The colonists of Tirocinia 
declared that an attack upon Massachusetts was an attack 
upon Virginia. They also expressed much sympathy for 
the people of Massachusetts. 

2. An eloquent young Virginian named Patrick Henry 
made himself famous at this time. His speeches stirred 
the colonists. They had resisted a long time without 
believing that war ^vonld actuall}' occur. 

3. Henry foresaw what was comino-. He did nuich 
to encourage and strengthen the colonists to stand up for 
the right. He is known as the Prophet of the llevolu- 



GETTING EEADY. 



103 



tion ; and his eloquent words, " Give me liberty, or give 
me death ! " will ever be I'emend^ered. 

4. On the 5th day of September, 1774, representatives 
from twehe <>f the colonies met at Philadelphia. This 
meeting Avas called a congress. It was the First Conti- 
nental Congress. It ^vas composed of some of the best 
and AN'isest men in the colo- 



nies. 

5. This Compress drew 
up a Declaration of Rights, 
an Address to the People 
of Great Britain, and an 
Address to the People of 
the C(donies. It also agreed 
to have nothing to do with 
England until the unjust 
laws comj)lained of were 
re})ealed. 

6. By this time, men in 
different colonies were organizing themselves into military 
companies. In forming such companies, the men prom- 
ised to l)e ready at a minute's notice, heuce they were 
called '^minute men.'' In Massachusetts a Committee of 
Safety called for 12,000 of these men. 

7. The colonists were determined not to be interfered 
with by Ihiglish soldiers. And they were getting ready 
to hght if necessary. Tlicy <lid fight, for war soon fol- 
lowed. Let us see ho\\ the ^ylu^ conunenced. 




TATURK llExNKV 




A MINI TK MAX 



TiiK FIRST r,ATTi,r:. 



105 



Causen 

of the 

Revolution 



Blackboard Form. 

1 ( ) 0, ]Si( I V l(ja tloii j: 1 (i. 

i7()4, Trade Acts. 

1705, St(f'mp Act. 

1 707, Tea Tax. 

1 70S, 77ie /^ending of Soldiers. 

177'), Jjoston Tea Party. 

1774, Fird Continental (hnqrenH. 



Questions. — Wliat two colonics were foremost in resisting England ? 
Wliat (Icchiralion did the Virginia colonists make ? AVlio was the Prophet 
of tlie ]l6volution ? "What effect had his speeches upon the colonists ? 
What words of liis will ever be remembered ? What assembled at Phila- 
delphia, September 5, 1774? Of whom was it composed ? What did this 
Congress draw up ? What did it agree to ? AVhat were organized in dif- 
ferent colonies about this time ? Why were they called minute men ? For 
what were the colonists preparing ? 

AVrite the Blackboard Form for the <-aiis<'s <►!' the Revolu- 
tion. 



CIIAPTEPv 



THE FIKSr IJATTLE. 



1. On tlie morning of tlie 19tli day of April, 1775, a 
body of Englisli soldiers entered the town of Lexington, 
Massacliusetts. Tliey Avere on tlieir way to Concord to 
destroy some military stores tliat had been collected 
there b}^ the Americans. 

2. General Gage had been ajipointed governor of Mas- 



100 



FOURTH PKRIi^D: REVOI.rTIOX. 



sacliusetts. lie A\as also coimnaiuK'i-iii-cliief of tlie 
Briti:sli forces. lie liaJ about three tliousaud soldiers in 
Boston. When he heard that the Americans were collect- 
ing pow der, shot, and other inilitary stores at Concord, he 
decided to send a secret expedition to destroy them. 

3. But the British were watched closely in Boston. 

As soon as it was learned 
that an expedition was 
to be sent to Concord, 
and that the British were 
about to start, two lights 
as a signal Avere hung up 
in a church steeple. A 
brave youno- American 
named Paul Revere 
waited on the other side 
of the river for this sig- 
nal, and as soon as it ap- 
}>eared he set out at 
full speed to warn the 
people that the soldiers 
had started. 

4. The 2HH>ple became greatly excited, ^linute men 
quickly assend)led at different points. Some of these 
wei'e at Lexington when the British entered the town. 
They Avere undei' the command of Captain Parker. 

5. AVIien the minute men were seen, ]\[ajor Pitcairn, 
of the British, ordered them to disperse. The order 




PAl'L KEVEUE WATCUING FOR TUE SIGNAL. 



THE FIRST BATTLE. 107 

^vas not obeyed. 'J'lie soldiers then fired upon the Ameri- 
cans, killing seven. The minute men scattered, and the 
British marched on to Concord. 

6. After destroying all the stores they could find, the 
soldiers started to return to Boston. Three hundred of 
them never saw Boston again. They wave killed })y the 
minute men, \vho ha<l come together from the surround- 
ing conntry. 

1. The killing at Lexington was dearly paid for. From 
behind rocks, fences, barns, and houses the British were 
fired upon. If General Gage had not sent assistance, 
none of those who took part in the Concoi'd expedition 
could have retui'ued. 

8. The Ijattle fou^'ht at Lexin^^ton was the first l)attle 
of the war that could now be pnt off no longer. AVhen 
the sufferings of the patriots of Massachusetts became 
known, all the other colonies came t(^ her assistance. The 
people no longer considered themselves colonists. They 
were Americans. They were no longer to protest against 
unjust hnvs. They were to fight for liljerty — the liberty 
of which Patrick Henry spoke. 

Questions. — AVlieu did Englisli troops enter Lexington ? From wliere 
did they eonie ? Where were they going? Wliy ? Wlioni did they find 
at Lexingtt)n ? W^ho were the minute men ? What did Major Pitcairn do ? 
What happened then ? Wlio was the English governor of Massaeliusetts at 
tliis time ? llow many soldiers did he have ? AVho warned the people that 
the British were coming ? What happened to the British on their Avay 
back ? How many men did the Americans lose ? llow^ many did the 
British lose ? What were the Americans to fi<'ht for ? 



108 



FOrETlI 1'ERIOD: revolftiox. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 



DKivixd rnK injirisii fko.m hostox. 



1. The news that a battle had been fono-lit at Lexino- 
ton soon spread. ]\Iany niinnte men ha^tilv o-atliered 
aronnd Boston. It was deter- 
mined to force the British t<> 
leave the city. The Americans 
immediately 
beo:an build- 
ino- foi-tilica- 
tions. 

2. Abont 
one thousand 
were sent to 
fortify a liill 
near Boston, 
called Bnnker 
Hill. Not far 
from tliis hill 
was another, 

called Breed's Hill, to which, by mistake, they pro- 
ceeded. As tliey were bnsy at work, a British force of 
2,500 men came to drive them olf. 

3. But tlie Americans were not so easily driven. 
Twice the British charged up tlie hill, and each time they 
^vere met ^vith so hot a lire, and so much braverv, that 




b'oiM'iKViNi, r.i;Ht;i> < hu.l. 



DRIVING THK ISRI'IISH FROM BOSTON. 



109 



tliey Avere compelled to retreat. Before the third charge 
Avas made, the ainmunitiou of tlie Americans had given 
out. Then tliey used their muskets as clubs, and stood 
their ground as long as they could. 

4. But at last the Americans were forced back and 
compelled to 







5-- 






Six 2)ofemi 

^ri-IlSBultMUleTtk. 

1 Beare-r to ■rect\\z 

SIX SPANISH MILLED 

Q DOLLa-RS . or_t\> 



i^J 



I J "^^1^ , Value ir,<reo/ ifl<70Ln 



:/ 






¥i^' 



O ''^ 



SIX DOLLAPS 



\mA'.mi^'^.^mM 






2C^ 



give up the 
lull to the Bjit- 
ish. The vic- 
tory Avas, how- 
ever, dearly 
bought; for 
while the 
Americans lost 
only 450 men, 
the British lost 
more than four 
times that num- 
ber. Although it Avas fought on Breed's Hill, this battle 
is knoAvn as the battle of Bunker Hill. 

5. Before the battle of Bunker Hill, three important 
events had occurred elsewhere. These Avere the capture 
of Ticonderoo-a and CroAvn Point, the meetino: of the Sec- 
ond Continental Congress, and the appointment of George 
AYashington to be commander-in-chief of the American 
forces. 

6. Ticonderoga and Crown Point were captured by 
Colonel Ethan Allen. Most of his men were from Ver- 



tO.NTlNENTAL 1-Al'KH .MONEY, 



no FOURTH period: revolution. 

iiiont. They were known as tlie Green Moiiutain Boys. 
The captured forts Avere full of military stores, and from 
them cannon and ammunition were sent to the Ameri- 
cans around Boston. 

7. AVashino;ton arrived a few days after the battle 
of Bunker Hill, and took command of the army near 
Boston. Several months were spent in drilling the 
Americans, and at last they were ready <lo attack the 
British. 

8. Washino'ton had some strono; fortifications thrown 
up on Doi'chester Heights. These heights looked into 
the streets of Boston. The British now saw it would be 
dangerous to stay longer in Boston, so they went on 
board their vessels, and sailed for Halifax. June 17, 
1775, the battle of Bunker Hill was fought. In March, 
the followins: year, the British left Boston. 

9. Open Avar had now begun between England and 
America. M?uiy Americans were not in favor of this 
Avar. Some even ofave assistance to the British. Tlie 
Americans who fought against England were knoAvn 
as AVhio-s, or Patriots. Those who were friendly to the 
enemies of their country Avere called Tories, or Royalists. 

Questions.— What effect luid the battle of Lexington ? AYhat did tlie 
Americans determine to do ? To wliat hill were. Americans sent? What 
liill did the}' fortiCy ? AVhat did the British come to do ? How many 
times did they try to take the hill ? AVhy did they at last succeed? AVhat 
important events occurred before this battle ? Who captured Ticonderoga 
and Crown Point ? AViiat were his men called ? Why were these forts 
valuable to the Americans? When did Washinsjton take command of the 



THE WAR FOR TXDF.I'EXDEXr'T-:. Ill 

army '. AVluit })iep:iratioM.s did lie muke ^ AVliat l)eights did lie fortify ? 
Why did the Britisli leave Boston ( Where did they go ( When ? Wlio 
were the Patriots? Tories ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

I^KKPAHATOKY TO THK StUIjV OF CHAPTERS XXXII. AXD XXXIIT. 

7'urri to a map of Europe. Where is Great Britain ? Where is Fi-ance ? 
Im^n to a map of Xorth America. Find Nova Scotia. AVhere is Halifax ? 
Tur4(, to a map of tJte United States. Wliere is New York ? Charleston ? 
Wl)ere is Long Tshmd ? Wliere is the Hudson River? In what direction is 
the Delaware from the lower ])art of the Hudson River? What State would 
be crossed in going from the Hudson to the Delaware ? Tarn to a map of 
the Middle States. Where is Trenton ? Princeton ? Where is Phila- 
delphia ? How would you go by water from Xew York to Philadelphia ? 

CHAPTER XXX II. 

TTIK WAK FOII FVDKPENDKXCE. 

1. Tlie struiTLi'le in wliich the Patriots were \i()\\ en- 
gaged is known in United States history as tlie A\'ar of 
tlie Revolution. It histed seven years. Many battles 
Avere fought. War is very expensive. Soldiers must be 
fed, clothed, and paid. The Patriots \vere poor, and 
often the American soldiers \vent without pa}\ 

^. Many times they suflt'ered for food and clothing. 
E\en in winter they were often without shoes. But they 
wei'e brave and earnest men, who loved their country. 
They willingly endured hardshi[)S to defend their rights. 
Sevei-al times tlie British tiied to bribe them to give up, 
but without success. 



ir3 



I'onri'ii I'MiiioD: kFAoLrnoN. 




I.AKAYKTTK. 



3. Many peoj^le in 
Enropi^ admired the 
American I^itriots for 
tlieir courage in opposing 
so o-reat and stron<»* a na- 
tion as (ireat Britain. A 
number of foreigners came 
over to lielj) tlie Ameri- 
cans. Tlie most famous 
were Lafayette, Steuben, 
l)e Kalb,' Pulaski, and 
Kosciusko. 

4. I)e Kail) and Pulaski 
Were killed during the Avar. Kosciusko returned to his 
native countr>' at'tei* the struggle was over, and fought 
bravely foi* tlie liberty of his own j>eople. Steuben, by 
his experience in Kui'oj)ean \vars, had learned a great 
deal about armies. He was of great help in drilling and 
ti'aining the Americans. 

5. Lafavette Av^as a brave young Frenchman, 
own country he was a. nobleman of wealth. 
lie came o\ cr and shared the hardshij)s of 
the Americans, and lie and Washington 
soon became warm friends. 

O. After the colonists had fought for 
about three years, a treaty Nvas made w^ith 
France. In this treaty France agreed to 
lielp the Americans, and stMit over both 



In liis 




)K KA1.15. 



TirK WAR FOR I.N'I>KI'K\DKXCK. 



\V.i 



men and ammunition foj- tliat puipose. This ti'eaty was 
brought about cliiefiy tlji-oii^di tlio eft'oi'ts of HfMijamin 
Franklin, one of iIk' 2"r<'at(\<t and wisf-st A)jif'i-i(,-ans. 

7. Tin- ])iinrlj);il I>ritish genei'als wJio took pait in t}i<'. 
Revolution were ilowc, Clinton, Bnrgoyne, and ("oi-nwal- 
lis. ^i'he ])i-ineipal American gf^n^rals were AV'asliington, 
(Irec^ne, Gates, i\i-no]<l, 
Lin<''o]n, and Moi-g;iii. \]( 
.sides these, i* u t n a ni . 
Sclniylei-, Marion, Ijc. 
Sumter, and Pickens also 
l>('<'anie famous as Iji'axc 
American generals. 

8. Wasliington and 
Gi'eeiie proverl tliemselves 
gi'eat before tlie war Avas 
ovei-. Tliey ^v^^j-e not al- 
ways \ictorioas, Jiowevei*. 
Often were thf^y foi*eed to 
retreat. J>ut they man- 
aged with >\\c]\ \>v\\<\(']\(:(' that th^'ii' jitth^ armies were 
rje\'ei- destroyed oj* caj)tiii<jd by thf- larger forces of the 
enemw 

9. Soon aft<'j- the wai- comnienced, Richai-<1 Henry 
Lee of Virginia intio(bice(] a resolution into Congress 
"that these I nited Colonies are, and of I'iliht ought to 
be, free and independent states/' The JJeclaration of 
Independence was tln^n adopted and signed bv the lep- 




114 FOUR I'll rKKion: kkvomtiox. 

ivscntatives of tlie ditlVrciit coloiilos. It ^vas written by 
aiiotlier Virginian, named Thomas Jefferson. 

10. July 4, 177(>, was tlie day upon Avhieh tlie Deelar- 
ation was ado[)ted. It \vas good news to the people. 
The ohl l)ell that liung in tlie steeple of the honse in 
Philadelphia in Avliieli Congress met rang out tlie glad 
tidings. Tliis bell has ever since been known as the 
Liberty Bell. Let ns now learn of some of the battles 
of the Revolntion. 

Questions. — How long did the Revolution last ? Why is war expen- 
sive ? IIoAv did the patriot soldiers sidTer ? AVhy did they bear this suffer- 
ing ? What did the British try to do ? Why did many Europeans ^admire 
the Americans ? Name live Europeans that fought for American lil)erty. 
AVhat hccame of De Kail) and Pulaski i ITow did Steuben help the patriots ? 
What became of Kosciusko ? Who was Lafayette ? What Euro[>ean nation 
assisted the Americans i What great American licli>cd to make a treaty 
with France ? Name four of the British generals. Name six principal 
American generals. What other American generals took part in the war ? 
AVho were the greatest of the American generals ? What resolution did 
Richard Henry Lee introduce into Congress ? Who Avrote the Declaration 
of Independence .' When was it adopted ? AVhy is the Liberty Bell famous ? 

CHAPTKU XXXIIL 

WASIIIN(iTOX. 

1. Before the British were driven out of Bostc^n by 
Washington, tliey sent by sea an expedition of 2,000 
men under (xeneral Clinton to capture Charleston, Soutli 
Carolina. After they had been driven to Halifax, they 
planned an expedition against New York city. 



AVASHI\(rn)N. 115 

2. A fort liad been l^iiili upon ,*in isljiud at the en- 
trance of Cliarleston liarlx)!'. Tliis foil, made of logs 
cnt fr(jni ])alniett<) ti'ees, ^vas ])ullt 1)\' Colonel Moultrie. 
The British began a ])oinbardnient of the fort, and the 
Americans returned tlie iii'e. The Britisli soon found 
Moultrie's fort could not be taken, so they sailed for 
New York, to join tlie other expedition. 

3. It ^vas at the siege of Fort ^Moultrie that a })rave 
sergeant named Jasper made himself famous. AVhen a 
shot from the enemy cut down the ilaii: that had been 
iiying over the fort, Jasper jumped over the fortiiications, 
seized the iiag, ami [»ut it in its place again. AVhile he 
\\'as doing this, l)ulletstleNV all around him, but he sho^ved 
no fear. 

4. When Washington learned \vliere the British ^\•ere 
oY)ing, he hastened from Boston to defend New York. 
A great misfortune hei*e ]>efell the Americans. Wash- 
ington had stationed a portion of liis army under General 
Putnam on Long Island. The British landed a large 
force there and defeated the Americans Avith great loss. 
Washington then saw^ that he couhl not liold New York, 
so he retreated a\ ith his army up the Hudson Iliver. 

5. General IIoNve, the Britisli commandei', followed 
him. A battle was fought at Wliite Plains, in whicli 
the Americans were again defeated. Washington then 
retreated into New Jersey. After capturing two forts, 
Fort Washington and Fort Lee, the British followed. 
Early in December the Americans crossed the Dela^^'are 



116 FOURTH period: revolution. 

River. Tliinkinir tliere would be no more fitrhting: that 
winter, tlie British Avent into Avinter quarters. 

6. In their retreat across New Jersey, the Patriots 
endured nuicli sufterino-. But AVashin2:ton was not vet 
willino^ to rest, as the British Avere doino^. Recrossino^ 
the DelaAvare, he surprised a body of Hessians at Tren- 
ton and captured a thousand of them. These Hessians 
Avere sohliers from the little European country of Hesse- 
Cassel. They AA'ere hired by the British to fight against 
the Americans. 

7. The battle of TrentiUi occurred December 26, 1776. 
Eight days afterwards another victory Avas Avon by the 
Patriots. When the British heard Avliat Washington had 
done at Trenton, a force under CoruAvallis hurried to 
meet him. The two armies soon came near each other, 
and CoriiAvallis expected that there Avould be a battle. 
But Washington skillfully AvithdrcAv his army in the 
night, and marched secretly to Princeton. Here he de- 
feated a British force that CornAvallis had left behind. 

8. AA'ashington Avas noAV Avilling to rest. His army 
spent the Avinter at MorristoAvn, Xcav Jersey. It Avas at 
this time Lafayette joined the Americans. Before long, 
Washington Avas called upon to defend Philadelphia. 
When General Howe, Avho had sailed from New York, 
arrived, t^\ o battles were fought. 

9. These Avere the battles of Brandywine and Germau- 
toAvn. In both cases the Americans Avere unsuccessful, 
so the Biitish took possession of Philadelpliia. Wasli- 



WASHTNGTOX. 



117 



iiigtoii\s I'Mgged, siift'eriiig soldiers spent the winter of 
1777-8 at Valley Forge, Peiiusylvaiiia. It was here that 
Steuben joined the army, and began training and drilling 
the men. 

10. In the year 1778, the treaty with France was made. 
As a French fleet was expected in the Delaware, the 




WASHINGTON CUOSSING THE UELAWAUK. 



British left Philadelphia and retreated across New Jer- 
sey towards New York. Wasliington folloAved them, 
and overtook them at Monmouth, New Jersey, where a 
battle was fought. In this battle the Americans were 
victorious. The British lost 2,000 men in their march 
across New Jersey. 

11. Molly Pitcher was the wife of a Patriot cannoneer 



118 F<M'irni I'KKK^n: KF.voLrTiox. 

\\]u) fouiilil 111 tlk' hiiltlc i>( MDiiiuoutli. She was cuii- 
veying \\at('r to hrv liiishaiul Avlieii lie fell. AVitli great 
eoiii'age she took his place at the eaunoii aiul remained 
until the battle was owv. Ilrr l)ra\ery \von for her tiie 
title of ra])tain ^NFolly. 

Questions. — AVhcre did tlie British go from Boston ? What expedi- 
tions tlid ihov make ? Which was unsuccessful ? Why did it not suc- 
ceed i Who commanded Fort Moultrie? How did Sergeant Jasper distin- 
guish liimself ? AViio attemi)ted to defend New York ? What misfortune 
befell him ? Where did AVashington retreat from New York ? Wliat bat- 
tle was fought ? Vriu) were victorious ? What two forts were then taken 
b}' the British ? Into what State did AVashington then retreat ? AVhat 
general followed him ? AVlnit river did the Americans reach and cross ? 
AVhat victory did they win when they rccrosscd this river? AYhat victory 
was Mon eight days after ? AVho were the Hessians ? AYhere did AVash- 
ington spend the rest of the winter ? AA^here did he spend the winter of 
1777-8 ? AA'hat two battles did he lose before camping at A^alley Forge ? 
AA^here did Lafayette join the army ? Steuben ? AVhy did the British leave 
Philadelphia ? AVhat battle took place on their retreat to New York ? 
What woman showed great bravery in this battle ? 

SPECIAL EXERCISE. 

If you slumld tintl an island that nobody ever claimed or owned, whose 
island would it be ? AVhat name would you give to it? AVhy ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

rKKPARAtOKY TO TMi: STLDV OF C'HAI'TKII XXXIA'. 

Turn to a ))icij> of the Middle IStates. In what part of New York is Sara- 
toga ? AVhere is Bennington ? In what direction would you go from 
Canada to Saratoga ? Tur» to n map of the Southern States. AVhere is Sa- 
vannah ? CMuiileston ? AA^iere is Camden ? 



GATES AND LI^XOLX. 



119 



CIIAITEPt XXXIV. 



1. Wliih'. Wasliin^^oji was hruNely <l<'lVii(]iiig Pliila- 
d^lj)liia, <i J^ritisli army iiiuler J^iii'goyiK' uiairlipd down 
from Canada into Um State of X(n\' ^'ork. It con.siste<l 
of 8,000 Jiif'ii, lialf of w liom wf^'c IL-ssians. 

2, A Dai't of this ai-in\, iind<M' Colonel Hanni, ^vas sent 
to Bf^nninirton, Vermont, to ca])- 
tuiT* stoi'es and snpplies there. 
Banm and his men were defeated 
by Green Mountain Boys iindf^i" 
Colonel Stai'k. 

o. An Ainej-ican army was 
soon collected to o[)po.se Bni- 
li'ON'ne. At first this army ^vas 
nndf^r the command of General 
Sehuylei', w ho ma<le all the [)re])- 
arati(jns an<l plans of the battle 
that soon took place. Just \vlien 
everxthinir was read\, Compress 
put General Gates in conmiand. 

4. Two battles were fought. They are known as the 
V)attles of Saratoga, or Stillwatei*. In Ijotli, the Ameri- 
cans were \ ictorious. Bui'goxn". wi<^h hi-^ whoh^ army, 
was compelled to snrrcnih-r. 

5. Gpiiei'al Gates deser\'t-d little ci-<-<!it for the winninii" 




120 



ForKTH pkriod: revolution. 




of these l)attle8. It was tlirougli tlie skill and valor of 
his officers that the Americans were successful. Lincoln, 

Morgan, and Arnohl greatly dis- 
tinguished themseh'es;, and it was 
chieil}' through the l)i*avery of 
Arnohl that the second battle 
A\as Avon. 

6. When the news of Bur- 
goyne's surrender Avas heard, it 
filled the Americans with joy. 
The A'ictory of the ^Vmericans 

GREENE. 1 "^ T^ 11 

enc()ura<i:ed J^ ranee to make the 
treaty with them. Many thought Gates a great general for 
winning such battles. Some even talked of putting him 
in Washington's place. This 
would have l)een very unwise, 
for he was a man of little ability- 

7. The battles of Stillwater 
occurred in the latter part of 
1777. Soon afterwards the 
war Avas transferi-ed to the 
South. The British took pos- 
session of Savannah in 1778, and 
sent armies to overrun South 
and North Carolina. They 
were assisted by many Tories. 

8. At first, Lincoln was ])ut in conunand of the Pa- 
triot arm\' in the South. He was a brave o^eneral, but 




GATES AND LINCOLN. 



121 



verv unfortunate. He was defeated at tlie battle of Stono 
Ferry in 1770. lie then tried to drive the British out of 
Savannah, l)ut Avas defeated, Avith a loss 
of 1,100 men. Tliis was the battle in 
wliieh tlie brave Pulaski was killed. 

9. Tlie next year Lincoln's army was 
surrounded at Charleston, South Caro- 
lina, and he was compelled to surrender 
that cit\'. Coiio^ress then sent Gates to 
take command in the South. Shortly 
afterwards, Lord Cornwallis met and ^,^^^,^ 
defeated him at Camden. This was the 

worst defeat experienced by the American army during 
the war, and was the ruin of (iates's reputation as a gen- 
eral. De Kalb ^v^as killed at the battle of Camden. 

10. General Greene was next sent to take command. 
He was opposed by some of the best officers the British 
had. How well he fought for the cause of li])erty in the 
South, you will learn in the next chapter. 




Questions. — Wliat British general started south from Canada ? How 
many men had he ? Whom did lie send to Bennington ? Why ? Who 
defeated Baum ? Who organized an army to meet Burgoyne ? Who was 
put in place of Schuyler ? What generals were under Gates ? How many 
battles were fouglit near Saratoga ? What was the result of these battles ? 
To whom is credit due for winning these battles ? Where was the war car- 
ried on after the battle of Saratoga ? Wlien did the British take Savannah ? 
Wlio tried to drive them out ? What misfortunes befell Lincoln ? Who 
was put in command of tlie Patriot forces in tlie South after Lincoln's 
defeat ? What defeat did he suffer ? Who was then put in command ? 
At what battle was Pulaski killed ? Dc Kalb ? 



122 



Forurn pkkiod: kknomtion. 



GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Pui:i>Ai{.VT()KV TO I'm: Sitdv oi- Chai'tkk XXW. 

'Turn to a map of North and South Caruliu<(. In whut part of Soutli 
Carolina is Camden t Where is Cow i)i'ns ? In what part of North Carolina 
is Ch'eensiioro :' In what direction is Yoiktown. ^'ir<4inia, from Greens- 
l.>oro '( In what direction from Greensboro is Camden i 



CliAITKK XXXV. 



<£^s:^%> 



GKKKNE. 

1. After defeatlno- Lincoln and ( rates, tlie Bi'itisli 
overran Soiitli Carolina. Tliey n\ ere joined hy many 
Tories, and givat cruelty n\ as prae- 
tieed towards \\liate\er l^itriots 
eonld he IVnind. 

2. JMany of tlie Patriots escaped 
to tlie woods and swamps, and 
foi'med tliemsclves into ])ands, called 
Partisans, under brave and daring" 
leaders. Sumter, Marion, Lee, and 
Pickens Averc tlie most fanunis of 
these leaders. 

seMTKU. 

i^. Tliese Partisans often attaeked 
and captured hands of Tories and detaclnnents of British 
soldiei's. Altliough not stroui^' enongli to oppose a 
wliole army, tlicy anou some ver\^ im])oi*tant victories. 
Thev defeated the P>ritish and Tories at Ilanu'inu' Kock, 




GKEENE. 



123 




August (>, 1780, and again at 
King's Mountain, October 7tli. 
The battle of King's Mountain 
was important because it re- 
sulted in the tirst great victory 
won by the Americans in the 
South (hii-ing tlie Avar. 

4. (xeneral Greene Avas sent 
to take command in the South, 
shortly aftei* these two battles 

.MAIUON. 

AN ere fought. A small army 

was collected, ]mt tlie men wei'e ill-clad and poorly 
e([ui})ped. AVhen the British adv^anced to meet him, 
Greene sent a part of his ai'my under General Morgan to 
take up a position at Cowpens. 

5. In January, 1781, Morgan Avas attacked by a force 
under Tarleton. This leader of the British Avas a man 

of ci'uel disposition. He had 
alread}' \A'on a number of \^ic- 
tories in South Carolina, but 
he met his match at CoAvpens, 
for Morgan defeated him A\'ith 
a loss to the British of 800 
men. The loss of the Ameri- 
cans AA'as only 80. 

6. CornAA^allis Avith his 

Avhole army ad\^anced upon 

COLONEL HKNuv LEK. Grccue, but thc Americans 




124 



FOFRTII period: REVOLUTION. 



retreated. The retreat was managed so skillfully that 
the little Patriot ariiiy Avas kept well together Avithout 
beiuir overtaken. CV)rnwallis folloNved the Americans 
into North Carolina, and when his men were almost 
worn out with their long march, Greene, whose army 
had been strengthened, turned and faced him at Guil- 
ford Courthouse, no\v known as Greensboro. 

7. Here a battle followed, in which the British claimed 

the victory. The Americans 
Avere the real victoi's, however, 
for their loss was veiy much less 
than that of the British, and they 
Avere no longer pursued. Greene 
turned and went back to drive 
the remainino; British from South 
Carolina. 

' 8. At Ho])kirk's Hill, near 
Camden, the Americans were 

PICKENS. ^-. 11/> 1 ^ T 1 

attacked and deieated by Lord 
Rawdon. But it was the same as at Guilford Court- 
house. The British lost so heavily that they paid very 
dearly for their victoiy. About this time, Greene Avas 
advised to give up and retire to Virginia, but he de- 
clared that he Avould recover South Carolina or die in 
the attem})t. 

9. September 8, 1781, the hardest fought battle of 
the Avar Avas Avon by him. This Avas the battle of EutaAV 
Springs, South Carolina. Greene's success compelled the 




GREENE. 125 

British to retreat to CliHi'lestoii, and the Americans 
were left in possession of the State. 

Questions. — What State did tlie 'British overiTin after defeating Lin- 
coln and Gates ? Where Avas Lincohi defeated ? Gates ? How were the 
Patriots treated by the British and Tories ? AY ho formed tliemsel ves into par- 
tisan bands ? Name the most famous of their leaders ? What two victories 
were won by the Patriots ? When ? Wliat general was sent south to take 
command ? What did lie do when the British advanced ? Who attacked 
Morgan at Cowpens ? When ? Wiio won the victory at Cowpens ? After 
this battle, how was the retreat of Greene's army conducted ? What battle 
was fought between Greene and Cornwallis ? What was tlie result ? Where 
did Greene go after this battle ? What battle was fought in South Caro- 
lina between Greene and liawdon ? What was the result ? What was 
Greene advised to do after this battle? What did he declare in reply? 
How did he succeed in recovering South Carolina ? What battle gave 
South Carolina to the Americans ? When was this battle fought ? What 
is said of this battle ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XXXYI. 

Turn to a map of Neic England. In what part of Connecticut is New- 
London ? How would an army march from New York to New London ? 
Turn to a map of the Middle States. In what part of New Y'ork is West 
Point? Upon what river is Yorktowu? How would an army go from New 
Y^'ork to Y^orktown ? 



126 FOURTH period: REVOLUTION. 

CHAPTER XXXVI. 

THE LAST BATTLE OF THE AVAK. 

1. Al^oiit tile time of tlie battle of CoAvpens, a Britisli 
force sailed up tlie James Riveiyaiid overran the eastern 
part of Virginia. This force was under the command of 
Benedict Arnold, the general who had fought so bravely 
for the Americans at Sai'atoo-a. 

o 

2. It Avas a sad blow to the Patriots Avhen he became 
a traitor to his country and \vent over to the British. 
While in command at Philadelphia, he had taken money 
belonging to the Government. He was reproved for this, 
but Washiuo:t()n still felt so much contldence in him as a 
soldier that he gave him command of the important post 
at West Point, on the Hudson lliver. Arnold deter- 
mined to sell out to the British, an ho ai^reed to i^ive him 
a laro^e sum of money and a ])ositi(ni in their army if he 
Avould surrender A\^est Point to them. 

3. Major John Andre, a young British officer, Avas sent 
to arrano-e the matter with Arnold. 

4. As Andre Avas returning, he Avas stopped by three 
Patriots. Suspecting that something Avas Avrong, they 
searched him and found the papers that Arnold had 
given liim. They immediately arrested him as a spy. 
He offered them money to let him go, Imt they Avould 
not l)e bribed. The names of these Patriots Avere John 
Pauldino- David Williams, and Isaac Van AVert. 



THE LAST BATTLE OF THE WAR. 



127 



5. Poor Andre was tried and 
banged. iVrnold escaped to tlie 
Britisli and Avas given tlie posi- 
tion promised liini. lie Mas 
however, despised by all, for no 
one can respect a traitor. Often 
did he regret the step he had 
taken. It would have been bet- 
ter for him had he died npon 
the field of Saratoga, for 
then he was loved and 
honored. 

6. Arnold, with a Brit- 
ish force, first laid waste 
Connecticut. He burned 
New London and treated 
the people with great 
cruelty. Then he went 
to Virginia, where he was 
soon Joined by General 
Phillips and 2,500 men. 

7. At this time, many 
of the Virginia Patriots 
were in North Carolina with Greene. So Washington 
sent Lafayette from the North ^vith 1,200 men to check 
the British. About the same time Cornwallis aiiived 
in Viro-inia, havino- come from North Carolina with his 
array, and took command of the British forces. 




GEOKGE WASHINGTON OF VIlUilNIA, COMMANDER- 
IN-CHIEF OF THE AMERICAN ARMY. 



128 FOUKTH period: eevolutiox. 

8. CoriiAvallis took up a position at Yorktowii, and 
waited for General Clinton to send him reenforcements 
from 'NeAV York. But Clinton was in fear of being at- 
tacked by Washington, so he sent no reenforcements. 
Washington left a small force to pretend that an attack 
was to be nnide, and Avith the I'est of his army hastened 
to the assistance of Lafayette. 

9. At Yorktown, CornWallis was surrounded. A 
Fi'ench fleet cut off his retreat by sea. Washington 
opened tire with his cannon upon the fortifications of 
the British, and tlie Frencli and American soldiers divw 
their lines closer and closer around the [)lace. 

10. After waiting in vain for lielp from Clinton, Corn- 
wallis surrendered. His Avliole army, numbering 7,000 
men, laid down their arms. The ne\vs A\'as received 
throughout the land Avitli great joy. In Philadelpliia 
the Liberty Bell ^vas rung. Everybody felt that the 
Avar Avas at an end. Connvallis surrendered, October 
r.), 1781. The treaty of peace l)et\veen England and 
America Avas signed September 8, 1788. The colonies 
Avei-e at last free and independent. 

Questions. — AA^ho overran A^irgiiiia about the time the battle of Cow- 
pens wji« fouglit ? How had AA^ashington shown his confidence in Arnold ? 
AVhat did Arnold decide to do ? What bribe did the British agree to give 
liim ? Who was sent to complete arrangements with Arnold ? AVhat hap- 
pened to Andre upon his return ? AAHio were the three captors of Andre ? 
How was Arnold regarded by both British and Americans ? AVhat town 
did Arnold burn ? AVho joined him in A'irginia ? AVho finally arrived 
from North Carolina and took command of the British ? AA'hom had AA^ash- 



THE LAST BATTLE OF THE WAR. 129 

ington sent from tlie Nortli to protect Virgiiiiii ? What British general was 
stationed at New York ? Where did Corn wal lis take up his poeitiou ? 
Wlio hastened to the assistance of Lafayette ? How was the retreat of 
Cornwallis by sea cut of! ? Wliy did not Clinton send rteiiforcenients to 
Yorktown ? When did Cornwallis surrender ? How many men laid down 
their arms ? When was the treaty of peace signed ? AYhat did the united 
colonies gain by the War of the Revolution ? 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

Who discovered Florida ? AYho named Louisiana ? What two nations 
quarreled over the Northwest Territory ? WHuit was this war called ? 
Name some of the English generals of this war. French. Name some of 
the English victories. French. After this war, how far west did the Eng- 
lish colonies extend ? South ? What unjust laws were made for the colo- 
nies by England ? What were the causes of the Revolution ? Name five 
American victories in this war. Five liiitish. Name five American gen- 
erals. Five British. Name two battles in which Washinston fousfht. 
Greene. Cornwallis. Lincoln. Arnold. Burgoyne. Gates. Morgan. 
Who was Sergeant Jasper ? Molly Pitcher ? How long did the Revolution 
last ? When did it begin ? When did it end ? What was the first battle ? 
Last battle ? Hardest fought battle ? 

Write what you know of Oeorge Washington. 

AVrite what you know of General Greene. Of Arnold. 

Write what you know of the Boston Tea Party. 

AVrite wliat you know of Sergeant Jasper. 

AVrite what you know of Molly Pitcher. 

Write the Blackboard Form for causes of the Revolution. 

Write the Blackboard Form for the generals and battles. 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XXXVH. 

Turn to a map of the United States. Where is Annapolis ? Where is 
Philadelphia ? Tn what part of Massachusetts is Worcester ? Name all the 
States between the Ohio River aiid the great Lakes. 
9 



130 



FOURTH period: REVOLUTION. 



Review Outline of the Revolution 









Gage. 
Llowe. 






British. 


Clinton. 

Burgoyne. 

CorniralUs. 

Bawdon. 

Washington. 

Greene. 




Generals. ■ 




Morgan. 
Marion. 














Sumter. 
Gates. 






American. ■ 


Lincoln. 

Arnold. 

Putnam. 

Schuyler. 

Lee. 








Picl'ens. 


The 




' 


.-,^p \ Fort Moultrie. 
\ 1 rent on. 


volution. 






i Princeton. 
1777. . < Bennington. 
I StiUira'ter. 


















American 


1778 Monmouth. 






Victories. 


-,-,0^ \ llanqinq Bocl\ 

/ King s Mountain. 














( Coirpens. 
.^01 i Guilford Courthouse. 
] hutaic Springs. 
[ Yorl-toirn. 










Battlrs. ^ 










1775 Bunker mil. 








. — P S LjOnq Lsland. 
^" •■ "1 White Plains. 














\ Brandyirine. 






British 


' ' \ Germantoirn. 






Mctories. 


1779 . ^ ^!''"^ ^''''''■-^• 
' ' ' 1 Sacannah. 

i-oA ^ (7iarl('ston. 
^'^^■•] Camden. 














_ i:Sl.... lIoUirFs Hill. 




Fiftl^ Period: 

Irjdepei^depce. 

CHAPTER XXXVII. 

THE UNIOX OF STATES. 



1. The colonies Imd united for the purpose of resist- 
ino: Endand, and luid dedared themselves to be free and 
independent States. Now that tlie w ar was at an end, 
the Union liad almost ceased to exist. Each State was 
nnder its own in(h^pendent govei'nment. It began to 
look as if there were to be thirteen little republics in 
America, instead of the lai'ge one that we have now. 

2. But wise Americans thought it best to form 
another union, l)ecause many disagreements were about 
to ai-ise. Tliei-e Avas a Jai'ge de})t to l)e paid by the 



133 FIFTH pfriod: indfpfndence. 

whole conntiy, and it aviis going to ])c a difficult matter 
for the separate States to decide liow tliis should be 
done. At one time Massachusetts levied taxes to raise 
her share. ]Man}^ objected to these taxes, and so courts 
and officers had to be called upon to enforce the pay- 
ment of them. Looking upon these courts and officers as 
instruments of tyranny, 2,000 men under Daniel Shays 
rebelled. I'lie town of A\\)rcester was seized. It Avas 
only after a superior force under General Lincoln had 
been sent that Shays's Eebellion was put down. 

3. Virginia took the lead toward the formation of a 
union. At lier invitation delegates from five States met at 
Annapolis. This Avas in 1780. Next year twelve States 
sent representatives to Philadelphia. These delegates 
assembled in a convention, presided over by Washington. 

4. Tlie convention decided to form a union of States, 
and an agreement, or constitution, was drawn up. As 
soon as tliis aixreement was sio:ned bv nine States it was 
to go into effect between the States that sio-ned it. 

5. Li drawing up the Constitution, it was hard to sat- 
isfy all. Some of the States disti'usted the others, and 
the smaller were afraid of the larger. The privileges 
of independence and self-government had been bravely 
fought for, and many thought that a general government 
would have too much ])o\ver and would deprive them of 
some of their hai'd-\\'on rights. 

6. So it was agreed that each State should have its 
own government and make its own laws, while the gen- 



THE UNION OF STATES. 133 

eral government would provide for the welfare of the 
whole country. It was also agreed that each State, 
whether large or small, should have two Senators, and 
that tlie people of the whole thirteen should he i-epre- 
sented by Rej^resentatives. 

7. These Senators and Representatives wouhl form 
a congress, which was to be tlie hiw-making, or Legisla- 
tive, department of the (xovernment. 'J'here avms to be 
a Pi'esident, or Executive, to execute tlie laws ; and a 
third department, the Judicial, to be known as the Su- 
preme Court of the United States. 

8. The Constitution was accepted by eleven States, 
before the election for President took plac(^, and by the 
remaining two soon after. George Washington was elected 
the first President in 1789, and the Government known 
as the United States of Ainei'ica came into existence. 

9. The United States of that time extended (mly to 
the Mississippi River on the west and to Florida on the 
south. Virginia had ceded to the general Government 
all the territory lying north of the Ohio River, for which 
she had fought so bravely in the French and Indian 
War. This was called the Northwest Tei'ritoiy. An 
ordinance for the regulation and government of this 
territory was drawn up and passed. It is known as the 
Ordinance of 1787. 

Questions. — Why did the colonies unite during the Revolution ? 
After tliis war what was thought best to be done; ? Why ^ What rebellion 
took place in Massachusetts ? Who put down tliis rebellion ? What State 



134 FIFTH fkriod: indkpfndexck. 

took tlie lead toward the fonnatioii of a iiiiioii ? AVherc did ilelegates first 
meet ? When ? How many States were represented ? AVhen did the next 
convention assemble ? Where ? llow many States were here represented ? 
Who presided over tins convention ? Wliat did the convention agree upon ? 
Why was it hard to agree upon a constitution ? Why did many object to 
a strong general government ? In the proposed form of government how 
were the States to be represented ? The people ? Who were to make the 
laws ? Who was to execute them ? What was to be tlie third department 
of the Government ? IIow many States first signed the Constitution ? 
How many did it require to cause the Constitution to go into effect ? 
What government came into existence with the adoption of the Constitu- 
tion ? Who was elected the first President? Wlnit was the extent of the 
United States when the Constitution was adopt(;d ^ Wliat was the Ordi- 
nance of 1787 ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XXXVHI. 

Turn to a map of the United States. Wliere is New York ? Philadelphia ? 
Washington ? What State west of Virginia ? What State west of North 
Carolina ? What State west of Pennsylvania ? AYhat State west of Ohio ? 
What States border on the west bank of the Alississippi River ? Where is 
Vermont ? Indiana ? Turn to a map of Africa. What sea between Africa 
and Europe ? Tlirough wdiat straits would a vessel sail to reach this sea 
from the Atlantic Ocean ? In what jiart of Africa is Tripoli ? 



CHAPTEll XXXVTir. 



Tin: iTKsT Foni presidkxt^^. 



1. The first four Presidents of tlie United States were 
George Wasliino-toii, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and 
James Madison. Washino-ton, elefferson, and Madison were 



THE FIRST FOUR PRESIDENTS. 135 

from Virginia and served each two terms, or eiglit years. 
Adams was from Ma ssaolni setts and served one term. 




GEOKUK WASHINGTON. 



2, Washington ^vas inaugurated, April 80, 1789, at 
New York. Next Aear the seat of government was 



136 



FIFTH period: independence. 



changed to Pliiladelpliia. During tlie eight years 
A\'aslilno'ton was President, inanv difficulties liad to be 
met and overcome. The new Government had trouble 
with Eno-land, with Fi'ance, and with the Indians of the 
Northwest Territory. 

3. It had trouble also with its own citizens, for ^vhen 
a tax was levied upon A^hisky for the purpose of raising 
money to pay the debt caused l)y the Avar, the people 

of western Pennsylvania, where 
whisky A\'as abundantl}^ made, 
objected, and rose in open re- 
bellion. A military force sub- 
dued them. 

4. Through all these difficul- 
ties Washino-ton acted with such 
prudence and managed the affairs 
of the Go^'ernment with so much 
Avisdom that he became known as 
a o-yeat statesman as Avell as a 
gi'eat general. He stood first in Avar and peace, and 
Avhen, at Mount Vernon, he died, December 14, 1799, he 
was first in the hearts of his countrymen. 

5. The second President, John Adams, Avas inaugu- 
rated in 1797. During his administration troubles again 
arose Avith Fi'ance, and for a time it seemed as if there 
AA'Ould be Avai', but a treaty was finally made. 

6. At this time there Avere two political parties in the 
United States. One of these, called the Federalist party, 




JOHN ADAMS. 



THE FIRST FOUR PRESIDENTS. 



137 



tliouglit the Government liacl not enougli power and 
wanted it made stronger ; tlie other, wliich was then 
known as the Deniocratic-liepu])]iean party, thought that 
if the Government were given more power its strength 
might l^e used in taking away the rights of the States. 

7. Some very unpopular Laws ^yeve nlade^vhile Adams 
was President. He Avas not 

reelected. Thomas Jeffer- 
son, the great leader of the 
party opposed to the Fed- 
eralists, was his successor. 
Jefferson ^v^as inau^'urated 
in 1801 at Washington, 
which had Ijeen made the 
capital of the United States 
the year previous. 

8. The two important 
events of Jeff'erson's ad- 
ministration were the Avar 
with Tripoli and the pur- 

cliase of Louisiana. The Tripolitans were pirates, and 
often seized American vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. 
Commodore Preble Avith a fleet was sent ag^ainst them, 
and he compelled them to give up many Americans that 
had been taken prisoners. 

9. In this war a young naval lieutenant named Decatur 
distinguished himself by boarding a large frigate called 
the Philadelphia, which the Tripolitans had captured. 




THOMAS JEFFERSON. 



K58 



FIFTH PERIOD : INDEPENDENCE. 



After settiug tire to It so tliat it eoiild not auaiii be used, 
Decatur escaped uidiurt, iiotw itlistaudiug tliat the Pbila- 
delpliia ^\'as ^\cll guarded. 

10. Louisiana, was purcliased from the Freucli for 
51^15,000,000. France liad obtained it from Sj^ain. It 
was bought by tlve United States in 1S03, througli Mon- 
roe nud Livingstone, the two conniiissioners a[)pointed 

^ ^ by Jelferson. The territory })ur- 

chased was not tliat now known 
as Louisiana, l)ut all the re2:ion 
west of the ^Hsslsslppi River 
extending to tlie Pacific Ocean, 
with the exce})tion of wdiat is 
now Texas, New ^lexico, Ari- 
zona, I'tah, Nevada, and Cali- 
fornia, and a part of Colorado, 
Kansas, and Wyoming. In 
1840, an exploring expedition 
under Lewis and Clark Avent 
over this territory to the Pacific Ocean. 

11. The fourth President, James Madison, Avas inau- 
gurated in 1S09. All these years the ITnited States Lad 
been growing and increasing in pt^pulatlon. Not long- 
after the close of the Revolution the rich lands west of 
the Alleghanv ^b)untains attracted settlers, and, as the 
territory began to fill \\\\ new States Avere formed, and 
admitted Into the I'nion. Vermont, Kentucky, and 
Tennessee were admitted while A\^ashi no-ton was Presi- 




JAMES MADISON. 



THE FIRST FOUR PRESIDENTS. 139 

dent, and Ohio >\'as admitted during Jefferson's admin- 
istration. 

12. A }>art of tlie Louisiana purchase, tlien known as 
the Territory of Orleans, was cut off from the rest, and 
formed into the State now called Louisiana. Louisiana 
and Indiana wei*e admitted while Madison was President. 
During Madison's administration a second w\ar with 
Great Britain l)egan. Tliis was the War of 1812. 

Questions. — Name the first four Presidents of the United States. 
What States were they from ? How long did each serve ? When was 
Washington inaugurated ? Wliere ? What was the Whisky Rebellion ? 
How did Washington manage the affairs of the Government ? Where did 
he die ? Wiien ? When w^as Adams inaugurated ? What two political 
parties arose about this time ? When was Jefferson inaugurated ? W^here ? 
W^hat were the two principal events of Jefferson's administration ? Tell 
about the war with Tripoli. From whom was Louisiana purchased ? What 
was the price ? What Americans negotiated the sale ? Who explored 
the territory ? When ? What was the extent of the territory purchased ? 
Who was the fourth President ? When inaugurated ? What three new 
States were admitted while Washington was President ? What State 
entered the Union during Jefferson's administration ? What two during 
Madison's ? What war arose during Madison's administration ? 

Write the Blackboard Form for Washington's admin- 
istration. Adams's. JeflPerson's. Madison's. 



GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XXXIX. 

What ocean between the United States and England ? W^here is Indiana? 
What State north of Indiana? Wliere is Detroit? Wliat river between 
the western part of New York and Canada ? 



140 FIFTH period: independence. 

CHAPTER XXXIX. 

THE WAK OF 1812. 

1. The Indians of tlie Northwest Territory o^ave the 
eai'ly settlers niucli trouble. They Avere often encour- 
aged to do so 1)}' the English in Canada, who supplied 
them A\ ith arms and ammunition. This Avas one way in 
which tlie English showed ill will toward the United 
States. 

2. Ill will was also shown by the Emrlish in another 
\\ ay. American yessels at sea were often stopped by the 
war-ships of England. English officers would then board 
these vessels and pick out the best sailoi's, claiming that 
the men selected were E^no-lishmen. These sailors would 

o 

be carried off and forced to work in the English navy. 

3. In tliis way more than six thousand Amei'ican sail- 
oi's were impressed into English service within a space 
of ten years. The United States bore these outrages 
Aery patiently, but a time came when they could be 
borne no longer. 

4. The tirst thing to be done was to punish the Indi- 
ans. These Indians Avere led by a very famous chief, 
named Tecumseh. General Harrison, Avho Avas then gOA^- 
ernor of that portion of the Xortlnvest Territory noAV 
known as Indiana, took connnand of an army, and at the 
great battle of Tippecanoe, in 1811, defeated the Indians 
under a ])rother of Tecumseh, called the Prophet. June 



THE WAR OF IS] 2. 



141 



IStli of the next year, Avar was declared against Eng- 
land. 

5. This war lasted Uvo years and eight months. Many 
of the battles were fon£i:ht on sea. Encrland had lono* 

'-J o o 

been knoAvn as the greatest naval power of the world, 
but American ships and American sailors ^von many 
glorious vic- 
tories over r rWiBlT"^"^5'r^^ ~'^~^ 
her before 
the Av a 1' 
came to a 
close. 

6. Most 
of the land 
battles took 
place on the 
C a n a d i a n 
f r () n t i e r . 
The princi- 

2)al iVmerican generals ^vere Harrison, Brown, Scott, and 
Jackson. Among the generals of the British Avere Brock, 
Proctor, Ross, and Pakeidiam. 

7. The war had hardly begun an hen the Americans 
met \vith two sad reverses. It had been determined to 
invade Canada from different points. General Hull Avas 
to cross the Detroit River, and General Van Rensselaer 
the Niagara. 

8. Hull led his men a short distance into Canada, but 




ninth^-^MLN r <>t \mm{ran 



142 FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. 

soon fell back to Detroit. An English force under Brock 
then appeared. The Americans were ready and eager to 
fight, but Hull became friglitened, and cowardly surren- 
dered before a shot was fired. 

9. Van Rensselaer crossed the Niagara River with a 
part of his army, lea vino- the rest on the New York side. 
lie met the British at Queenstown. The Americans 
were having every advantage, and Van Rensselaer, leav- 
ing Scott in command, hastened back for the troops he 
luid left. This time it was the men and not the general 
that refused to tight. The soldiers refused to cross the 
river and go to the help of their comrades. Scott and 
his men ^verc at last forced to surrender. (xeneral 
Brock of the British was killed during the battle. 

Questions.— AVho encouraged the Iiulians of the Xortlnvest Territory 
to trouble the settlers ? llow else was the ill will of Englaiul shown ? How 
many American sailors were forccil into English service ? How did the 
United States bear these outrages ? What famous chief led the Indians of 
the Northwest ? What was his brcUher called? "What general defeated 
the Prophet ? Where was the battle fought ? When ? When was war 
declared against England ? How long did it last ? Where did many of the 
battles take place ? Who were the principal American generals? British? 
What did the Americans decide to do when the war began ? Who crossed 
from Detroit ? Who from New York ■ What became of Hull ' What 
happened at Queenstown ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapters XI., and XLT, 

What lake is northeast of X"ew York ? AVhere is the Niagara River ? In 
what part of Canada is Toronto ? In Avhat part of Ohio is Sandusky ? In 



LAND BATTLKS. 143 

what part of Caiuula is tlic Tliames River ? In what part of New York is 
Phittsburg ? In what part of tlic United States is Washington ? How 
would you go by water from Washington to Baltimore ? In what part of 
South America is the city of Valparaiso ? 



CHAPTER XL. 

I.A^B P.ATTLES. 

1. The second year of the war the Americans had three 
armies in the fiehl. One was stationed in northeastern 
New York, near Lake ChampLain, another npon the 
Niagara frontier, and the third on the west shore of Lake 
Erie. This hist was nnder the command of General 
Harrison. 

2. In the early part of the year the town now called 
Toronto, Canada, Avas captured hy the Americans under 
the brave General Pike. Just as the victory was being 
won, Pike Avas mortally wounded by an explosion. 

3. Most of the fighting Avas in the West this year. 
Tecumseli and liis Indians had joined the English, and 
General Proctor liad taken Brock's phace. Proctor first 
surprised a body of Americans under Winchester at 
Frenchtown, in tlie southeastern part of Michigan. Many 
of Winchester's men, after sui-renderino; and la^ ino' down 
their arms, were murdered by the Indians of Proctor's 
army. 

4. Proctor then advanced into the northwestern part 
of Ohio. He attempted to capture Fort Meigs, on the 



144 



FIFTH PEKIOD: iXDErKNDKNCE. 



Maiiinee River, but was defeated by General Harrison. 
Then lie tried to take Fort Stephenson, on the Sandusky 
Eiver. There were only 150 men in this fort. The 




CKOUHAN s DEFKNC'E OF FOKT J-TKl'HEXSON. 



commandant, Major Croghan, thouu^h only a youth of 
twenty-one, made one of the pluckiest defenses of the 
Avhole war, handling' ^vitll such skill the single cannon 
and the few men he had that the enemy withdrew after 



losinu" 150 men. 



LAND nAT'rLp:s. 145 

5. Proctor was followed into Canada by Han-ison, and 
a great battle was fought near the Thames River. The 
English and Indians Avere defeated with great loss. 
Tecuniseh himself was killed in this battle. 

6. In 1814 a number of battles were fought on the 
Niagara fi'ontier. The two most impoi'tant wei'e the bat- 
tles of ChippeAva and Lundy's Lane. P)oth \vere won by 
the Americans, Avho Avere led by Generals Brown, Scott, 
and Kipley. Drunnnond was the commander of the 
British. 

7. Toward the end of the year (xeneral Prevost tried 
to lead an army over Bui'goyne's old route. He was de- 
feated by a small American force under General Macomb 
at Plattsburg. 

8. AVliile the American armies were l)usy at the North, 
an English fleet I'eached the coast of the United States 
and entered the Potomac River. A force under General 
Ross landed, and took 2:)ossession of Washington. After 
destroying mucli property and burning many valuable 
public buildings, including the Capitol, they sailed to 
Baltimoi'e. 

9. Baltimore Avas protected by forts, one of AvhicliAvas 
Fort McHenry. A hot fire upon this stronghold Avas 
opened by the British A^essels, but through it all the flag 
called in a great song the Star Spangled Banner floated 
proudly over the fort. As Fort Moultrie had saved 
Charleston years before in the Revolution, so Foi't 
McHenry saved Baltimore. 

10 



146 FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. 

Questions. — How many armies had the Americans the second year of 
the war ? Where were they stationed ? What town in Canada was cap- 
tured by Pike ? What happened to liim ? Who joined the English in this 
war ? What misfortune befell the Americans at Frenchtown ? What two 
forts did Proctor try to take ? AVhere are these forts ? Who defended 
Fort Meigs ? Fort Stephenson ? How many men had Croghan ? How 
many men did Proctor lose in the attack ? Who followed Proctor into 
Canaila ? What battle followed ? AVho was successful ? Name three 
battles fought in 1814. Who was successful in these battles ? Xame the 
American commanders in each. What city was taken by the British ? 
WHiat did the British do in Washington ? Why was not Baltimore cap- 
tured by them ? 



CHAPTER XLI. 

NAA'AL BATTLES. 

1. When the AVar of 1812 opened, it was hardly ex- 
pected that the United States would be able to meet 
England successfully upon the ocean. The United States 
was then a young nation and had only twenty or thirty 
vessels in its navy, Avhile England had many hundreds, 
manned b>' practised crews and commanded by officers 
experienced in sea fighting. 

2. But it was to protect the rights of American seamen 
that the United States engaged in this war. Therefore 
in the naval battles which occurred, every ^Vmerican 
sailor felt that he was fio-htino- for himself as Avell as for 
his country, and so the Americans gained many victories 
over the British. 

3. The first naval battle of importance was that In 



NAVAL BATTLES. 147 

whieli the American frigate Constitution captured the 
British frigate Guerriere. Tlie Constitution was com- 
manded l)y Captain Isaac Hull, a nephew of General 
Hull. He Avas no ccnvard, llo^^ ever, for in half an hour 
he compelled the Guerriere to pull do\v^n her flag. 

4. Shortly afterwards Commodore Bainbridge, in this 
same Constitution, captured the British frigate Java; and 
the frigate United States, commanded by Decatur, who 
was no\v a commodore, captured the British ship Mace- 
donia. More than three thousand prisoners were brought 
into American ports before the year closed. 

5. The most important naval victory was won the sec- 
ond year of the war. Shortly before the land battle of 
the Thames, Commodore Perry had been sent to help 
General Harrison, because a British fleet held possession 
of Lake Erie. 

6. Perry had to build his own vessels. When they 
were finished, he sailed out to meet the British fleet. In 
two hours the battle of Lake Erie was over, and the ofal- 
lant Perry sent to General Harrison the short and famous 
message, "We have met the enemy and they are ours." 

To Before the end of the year 1813, Captain Lawrence, 
commanding the Hornet, captured the British ship Pea- 
cock. He then took c(jmmand of the frigate Chesapeake, 
and sailed out of Boston Harbor to meet the Shannon. 
In the battle that folloAvecl, brave Lawrence was mor- 
tally wounded. His last words as he was carried below 
were '' Don't give up the ship; " but the ship was given 



148 



FiP^TH period: independence. 



up, for the Slianiion ^vas l)etter prepared for l)attle than 
was the Chesapeake. 

8. Duriiio: the year 1814, American victories were won 
by the Peacock over 

the Epervier, and by 
the Wasp over the 
Eeindeer. The Brit- 
ish succeeded in cap- 
turino; tlie American 
vessel Essex, off Val- 
paraiso. The 
Essex fought 
one of the 
bravest fio:hts 
in all naval 
history, but 
she Av a s at 
last forced to 
surrender, as 
there Avere 
two British 
ships against 
her. 

9. As Harrison was assisted by Perry, so was McComb 
assisted at Plattsburg by an American fleet under 
Macdonough on Lake CUiamj)lain. AVhile McComb was 
driving Prevost Imck, Macdonough caj^tured the English 
fleet commanded by Downie, 




DON T GIVE UP THE SHIP, 



NAVAL BATTLKS. 



149 






Am erica n Victor ies. 



Blackboard Form. 

Co)istitutio)i over Guerriere. 
Constitution over Java. 

Tin ited States ovtr Macedon ia. 
Battle of Lake Erie. 
Hornet over Peacoch. 
Peacoch over E'pervier. 

Wasp over Reindeer. 
Battle of Lake Champ! ain. 



Britisli Victor i/s. 



j Shannon over Chesapeake, 
I Capture of the Essex. 



Questions. — About liow many vessels were in the United States navy 
at tlie opening of the war ? Wl)at was the naval strength of England ? 
What was the principal cause of the war ? What did American sailors figlit 
for in this war ? What was the first naval battle of importance ? Wiio 
commanded tlie Constitution ? Who commanded the Constitution when 
it captured tlie Java i What vessel was commanded by Decatur ? What 
vessel did he capture ? What was the most famous naval battle of the 
war ? Who commanded the American fleet ? How long did tlie battle 
last ? What famous message did Perry send to Harrison ? What victory 
was won by Caj)tain Lawrence ? What misfortune befell him '{ What 
were his hist words ? What naval victories were won by the Americans in 
1814 ? By the British ? Who won the battle of Lake Champlain ? 

Write the Blackboard Form for naval victories. 



GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XLII. 

In what part of Europe is Belgium ? In what part of Belgium is Ghent ? 
In what part of the United States is New Orleans ? Upon what river ? 



150 FIFTH period: indepenbenck. 

Where is Mobile? Pensacolu? In uhut part of Louisiana is Lake Pontcliar- 
train? What lake east of tills lake ? How would a vessel go from Peu- 
sacola to Lake Poutehartrain ? 



CHAPTER XLIL 

THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. 

1. The treaty of peace that ended the war between the 
United States and Eno'hind was sio;ned at Ghent, Bel- 
gium, December 24, 1814. There were neither telegraphs 
nor ocean cables in those days. It took some time for 
ne^vs to cross the ocean. Before peace was known to 
have been declared aiiothei- battle had been fought in 
America. 

2. This was the greatest contest of the war. It is 
known as the battle of New Orleans. It was fought on 
the 8th of January, 1815, fifteen days after the declara- 
tion of peace. The leader of the Americans was General 
Andrew Jackson, who had already rendered his country 
valuable service. 

.3. AMiile the United States was l)usy lighting Eng- 
land, the Indians who lived in what is now Alabama 
thought it a favoralde time to rise against tlie whites. 
Tecumseli had been amono- them, and had encourao-ed 
them to do so. The outbreak occurred in 1818, and 
many cruel deeds were committed. At Fort Mims, not 
far from Mobile, more than four hundred persons were 
massacred at one time. 




BATTLE OF NKW ORLEANS 



152 FIFTH FERIOD: INDEPENDENCE. 

4. Jackson I'aised a force and inarched ai]:ainst tlie In- 
dians. He defeated tlieni with 2:reat slaus^hter in the 
battles of TaUadega, Einncfan, and Horseshoe Bend. 
Tliiis they Avere completely conquered. The Spaniards, 
who then ()\vned Florida, permitted an English foi'ce to 
make their headquarters at Pensacola. Jackson marched 
against the place, and conq^elled the English to leave. 

5. It ^\ as then he heard that New Orleans was to be 
attacked ; so he hurried to the defense of that city. He 
had only a few men ^v-itli liim, but the Louisianians, 
many of Avhom ^vere Frencli, Avere ready to give him 
every assistance. A nund)er of men from Tennessee and 
Kentucky soon arrived. They Avere iiiie marksmen and 
were of great service. 

6. In the southei'n part of Louisiana is a bay called 
Barataria. The shores of tliis bay Avere inliabited by 
smugglers. As tlieir occupation was unla^vful, these 
people Avere outhiws and were piuiished Avhenever cap- 
tured. Their leader, named Lahtte, Avas a man of great 
daring. ^Mlen the English prepared to attack NeAV 
Oi'leans, they ti-Ied to induce Lafitte to join them, 2>i'om- 
ising him a position in their navy and a large sum of 
money. Instead of consenting, he Avrote and offered liis 
services to the Americans. 

7. Jackson promptly acce])ted the olfei*, and a large 
force of Bai-atarians joined the American army. For the 
good services they rendered in the battle that folloAAed, 
the United States Government afterAvards pardoned all 



THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. 153 

of tliem wlio AA ere willino; to settle down and be law- 
abidino' citizens. This man>' of tlieni did. 

8. Thinking the eneni} 's forces would approach New 
Orleans b}^ AAay of the river, Jackson built some forts to 
repel them. The English advanced, however, by way of 
the lakes that lie back of the city. Jackson built fortifi- 
cations, and threw up earthworks on the field of Chal- 
mette, a feA\^ miles from the toANii, and he was soon 
attacked. 

9. The English army Avas led Ijy General Pakenham. 
It was one of the best equipped armies that the British 
had ever sent to America. The men were trained and 
experienced, having fought on many battle-fields of 
Europe. But Avhen they charged upon Jackson's breast- 
AN^orks, they were driven back Avitli great slaughter. 

10. All day the battle raged, but the Kentucky and 
Tennessee riflemen, the citizen soldiers of New Orleans, 
and the Baratarians stood their o-round. The British 
were compelled to withdraw after losing 2,000 of their 
men. Pakerdiam himself was killed. The loss of the 
Americans Avas but eio-ht. 

11. Tljis Avas the last battle of the Avar. A fcAV naval 
fights occurred before it became fully knoAvn that peace 
had been made. Tlie Federalists had been all along 
opposed to this Avar, while the Democratic-Kepublicaus 
Avere in favor of it. The reelection of Madison and the 
election of Monroe as his successor shoAved on Avhich side 
most of the people \vere. 



154 



FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. 



Questions.— When was the treaty of peace signed I AVliere ? What 
battle was fought before the news reached America ? Wiiere was it fought ? 
AVho commanded the Americans ? Tlie English ? What battles had Jack- 
son fought with the Indians ? Wliat cruel deed had the Indians com- 
mitted ? Who had incited them against the whites ? Of whom was 
Jackson's army composed at the battle of New Orleans ? Who were the 
Baratarians ? What offer did Lafitte refuse ? How did the United States 
Government reward the Baratarians ? On what field was the battle of New 
Orleans fought ? What kind of army had Pakenham ? What was the 
result of the battle ? How many men did the English lose ? The Ameri- 
cans ? What political party had been in favor of this war ? Who opposed 
it ? On wdiich side of the war question .was the majority ? 

Blackboard Form. 

Principal Events. 



CO 

••s> 



^ 



Washington. 



Adams, 



Jefferson. 



Madison. 



1789, 
1791, 
1792, 

1794 

1796, 

r 1797, 



Inauguration. 
Vermont admitted. 
Kentucky admitted. 
Indian Troubles, 
Whisky Hehellion. 
Tennessee admitted. 



Inauguratio?i. 

Death of Washington. 

Washington made Capital. 

Inauguration. 
Tripolitan War. 
Ohio admitted. 
Louisiana pu r chased. 
1^ 180-4, Leivis and Clark Expedition. 

1809^ Inauguration. 

\ War with Great Britain. ■ 

( Louisiana admitted. 

1816, Indiana admitted. 



\ 1799, 
(^ 1800, 

1801 
1803 



1812 



Review Outline. 



Causes. 



Generals. ^ 



American. < 






Battles. 



War of 1812. 

j British Encouragement of Indian Hostility. 
{ Impressment of American Sailors. 
^Harrison. 
Scott. 
Broion. 
Ripley. 
Jaclcson. 
Van Rensselaer. 
Pike. 
Macomh. 
[Unit. 
Brock. 
Proctor. 
Ross. 

Pahenham. 
Drummond. 
, Prevost. 

{Toronto {Yorlc). 



British. 



American 
Victories. 



1813, 



British 
Victories. 



Ft. Meigs. 
I Ft. Stepjhenson. 
\^ Thames. 
{ Ch ippeica. 
1814 J Biindys lane, 
' I Plattshurg. 
[Ft. Mc Henry. 

Neiv Orleans. 
j Detroit, 
i Queen stoicn. 

Frenchtoion. 

Capture of Washington, 



1815, 
1812, 

1813, 
1814, 



15G 



FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. 



GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XLIII. 

Where is Massachusetts ? Virginia ? Tennessee ? In what part of 
Africa are the Barbary States ? Where is Florida ? Mississippi ? Illinois ? 
Alabama ? Missouri ? In what part of Florida are the Everglades ? Where 
is Arkansas ? Michigan ? 



CHAPTER XLIII. 



1. The iiftli, sixtli, and seventli Presidents of tlie 
United States were James Monroe of Virginia, John 

Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, 
and Andrew Jackson of Ten- 
nessee. Monroe and Jackson 
served two terms each. John 
Quincy Adams was the son of 
tlie second President, Jolin 
Adams, and served but one 
term, as did liis father. 

2. Monroe was inaus^urated 
in 1817. Durimy his administra- 
tion the countr}^ was at peace 
with all the nations of the world. 
Our ships could sail upon every ocean unmolested by 
England. The Barbary pirates had in 1815 been pun- 
ished a second time bv a United States fleet under 




JAMES MONROE. 



THE FIFTH, SIXTH, AND SEVENTH PRESIDENTS. 



157 




JOHN yUlNCY ADAMS. 



Decatur for not heeding the 

lesson taught them by Preble 

in the Tripoli tan war of ISOl. 
3. The country Avas growing 

and developing very rapidly. 

In 1819 Florida was purchased, 

and in the eight years during 

wdiich Monroe Avas President 

five new States ^vere admitted 

to the Union. These were : 

Mississippi, admitted in 1817; 

Illinois, in 1818; Alabama, in 

1819; Maine, in 1820 ; and Missouri, in 1821. Monroe's 

administration has been called the ''era of good feeling,'' 

for tliere seemed to be no opposition between political 

parties. But during 
this administration the 
tw^o cpiestions of tariff 
and slavery arose, ^v]lich 
afterwards caused much 
ill feeling among the 
States. For years this 
ill feelinu* otcnv until at 
last it brouofht on one of 

o 

the o;reatest wars iu the 
history of the Avorld. 
Of that war you shall 
soon learn. 




AM)M W I \( K~()N 



lo8 



FIFTH TERIOD : INDEPENDENCE, 




..\( K IIANN K. 



4. Jolm Quiiioy Adams Avas iiuuigurated in 1825. 
Diiriiio; his adniinistration, the first railroad in the United 
States was l)nilt, at Quincy, Massachusetts. The year 
after his inauguration, Thomas Jefferson 
and John Adams died. Both passed 
away on July 4tli, exactly fifty years 
after the day upon Avhich the Declara- 
tion of Independence, written by Jef- 
^. ferson, was adopted. 

5. Andrew Jackson, the Hero of 
New Orleans, an as inauirurated in 1829. 
The Deniocratic-Eepidjlican party now 
changed its name, and henceforth was 
to be known as the Democratic ])ai'ty. Its opponent was 
noAV the Whig party. 

f>. Two Indian Avars occurred during Jackson's ad- 
ministration. One AN'as in 1832, witli the Sac and Fox 
Indians of \\^isconsin Teriitory, who, under their chief, 
Black ILnNk, 
were finally 
subdued. Tlie 
other was in 
1835, witli tlie 

Seminole Indians of Floilda, wliosc chief wa;- the famous 
Osceola. This war Avas caused by an attem])t to move 
the Indians from Florida. They refused to leave, and 
tied to the swam])s and Everglades. It Avas with diffi- 
culty that they were con([uered. 




EAKl.Y AMKKICAN KAILROAl) TRAIN. 



159 

7. Two States were admitted while Jackson Avas Presi- 
dent: Arkansas in 183(), and Michigan in 1887. His 
administi'ation was not a peaceful one. There Avere 
many disputes, and the ill feeling that liad 1)egun in 
Monroe's administration increased. Let us see Avhat one 
of these disputes Avas about. 

Blackboard Form. 



Principal Events. 






Monroe. 



J, Q. Adams. 



Jackson. 



r 



1817, 

1818, 
1819, 

1820, 
1821, 



r Inauguration. 

l Mississippi admitted. 
Illinois admitted. 

r Florida purchased. 

I Alabama admitted. 
Maine admitted, 
Missouri admitted. 



1825, Inaiujiiration. 

1 «9r / I^^^^i^^ of Jeff er son and 



I L Adams. 

I 1827, First railroad. 

1829, Inaiujuratlon. 

1832, Blaclc Haivh War. 

1835, Seminole War. 

1836, Arkansas admitted. 

1837, Michigan admitted. 



IGO riFTH PEKIOD : INDEPKKDKNOK. 

Questions.— Who was the fifth President of the United States ? The 
sixlli ? The seventh ? How man}' terms did Jackson and Monroe serve ? 
J, Q. Adams ? When was Monroe inaugiirated? Wliat were the relations 
of the United States with otlier nations during Monroe's administration ? 
American vessels were now ])ermitted to do wliat ? Why were they no 
longer molested by the Barbary pirates ? What five States were admitted 
while Monroe was President ? When was each admitted? What was Mon- 
roe's administration called ? Why ? What two questions arose ? When 
was Adams inaugurated ? What two great men died the year after ? AVhy 
do we remember Jefferson ? When was Jackson inaugurated ? To Mhat 
had the two political parties changed their names ? What Indian wars oc- 
curred while Jackson was President ? Who was Black Hawk ? Osceola ? 
What was the cause of the Seminole War? What two States were admitted 
while Jackson was President? 

Write the Blackboard Form for Monroe's adiiiiuistration. 
«T. Q. Adams's. Jackson's. 



CHAPTER XLTY. 

TARIFF. 

1. England lias long been a great manufacturing na- 
tion. Her nianufaeturecl goods are sent to many parts of 
the world. AVlien tlie United States and Enii:land were 
at war, of course none of these manufactured articles were 
sent to tliis country. 

2. 80 factories were built for the pur230se of making 
our own goods. These factories w-ere mostly in Ne\v 
England and the Middle States. They were found prof- 
itable so long as goods were not impoi'ted from Europe. 

3. But when the war closed, Eno-lish manufactures 
were again sent to this country. They were cheaper and 



TARIFF. 



161 




better than any 
made in the United 
States at that thiie. 
The American 
manufacturers 
would therefore 
have had to stop 
work liad not Con- 
orress come to their 



.'NJACHINES POU SI'INMN 



assistance. 

4. For the purpose of protecting American manufac- 
turers, a tax, or tariff, was levied in 1824 upon goods im- 
ported. This tariff made imported articles dearer than 
those made in America. The States in which there were 
fact o r i e s 



were very 
well satisfied 
^vith this ar- 
rangement, 
for people 
bought 
A m e r i c a n 
goods in 
preference 
to the dearer 
goods tliat 
were made 
in Europe. 
11 




MACHINES FOK CARDING COTTON. 



162 FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. 

5. But many States, particularly in tlie South, had 
veiy fe\v factories. Tlie people in these States thought 
that they sliould not l)e made to pay more for goods in 
order to protect the manufacturers of otlier States ; so 
there arose much contention. 

6. AVhen John Quincy Adams l^ecame President, an 
additional duty, or tariff, ^vas levied, and the ill feeling 
and dissatisfaction increased. In 1832, Avhen the tariff 
was made still higher, the State of South Carolina 
declared the tariff law to be null and void, and refused 
to pay the tax. 

1 . This act is known as the Nullification Act. Jack- 
son Avas then President of the United States. He Avas a 
man of much firmness. He felt it to be liis duty as 
President to enforce or execute tlie laws made for the 
government of the Avhole country. The tariff laws Avere 
among tliese; and although he did not himself approve of 
a high tariff, yet he made pi'eparations to compel South 
Carolina to obey the laAV. 

8. Before serious trouble arose, hoAvever, Congress 
modified the hiAvs so that the tariff Avould be lowered by 
degrees. This compromise satisfied all for the time, but 
the tariff (piestion remains unsettled. 

Questions. — Wliy did England send no manufactured goods to tliis 
country ? AVliat were put up in the United States ? In ^vliat States were 
most of tliese factories built ? Wliy were they not ))rofitabl(' after war had 
ceased? How did Congress protect them ? AVliat States were satisfied with 
the tariff laws ? AVhat States were dissatisfied ? In whose administration 



THE EIGHTH, NINTH, AND TENTH PRESIDENTS. 



163 



were tariff laws passed ? AVhat act did South Carolina pass in 1832 ? 
What Avas this act ? What did Jackson then determine to do ? What did 
Congress do before serious trouble arose ? Wliat compromise was effected? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XLV. 

Where is Rhode Island ? What States touch Canada ? What State 
touches New Brunswick ? Where is Florida ? 



CHAPTER XLV. 



THE EIGHTH, XIXTH, AND TENTH PRESIDENTS. 



eighth, 



ninth, and tenth Presidents of the 



1. The 

United States Avere Martin 
Van Buren, William Henry 
Harrison, and John Tyler. 
Van Buren, inaugurated in 
1837, served but one term. 

2. During his administra- 
tion, tlie country suffered from 
a great business panic. For 
years before, everything had 
been so prosperous that much 
business all over the country 
had been done on credit Ijy 
banks and merchants, as it 
was thought that prosperous times would continue. 

3. But a time came for these banks and merchants to 




MARTIN- VAX BUREN. 



164 



FIFTH period: independence. 




pay tlie large debts they liad 
contracted. It was then found 
that many liad given others 
credit, as well as received credit, 
and so there ^\ as not nmcli more 
than debts to pay debts with. 
Banks were compelled to close, 
and merchants to go into bank- 
ruptcy. Tlie panic Ijecame gen- 
eral tlu^oughout tlie country, and 
much suffering folloAved. 

4. Harrison was inausrurated 
in 1841. He Avas the general Avho had fought so bravely 
at the battle of Tippecanoe and in tlie War of 1812. 
He ^vas therefore a great favorite. But he died one 
month after his inauguration, and John Tylei-, the man 
who had been elected Vice- 
President, took his place. Tyler 
was the first " accidental '' Presi- 
dent. 

5. Tlie principal events dur- 
ing Tyler's administration Avere 



WILLIAM UENKY 



D 



orrs r 



eb el lion 



m 



Rhode Isl- 



and, and the northeastei'n bound- 
ary treaty, in 1842; the admis- 
sion of Florida as a State, and 
the annexation of Texas in 1845. 
6. Dorr's rebellion was caused 




JOHN TYLKR. 



THE EiaHTH, NINTH, AND TENTH PRESIDENTS. 



165 



by a uuiiiLei' of men wlio 
objected to a law of the 
State ill wliicli tliey lived. 
This laAV Avas a part of the 
old charter under A\dnch 
Rhode Island Avas governed 
when a colony. It provided 
that none but property o^vn- 
ers should vote. The re- 
bellion was put down with- 
out bloodshed, and the law 
was afterwards chano^ed. 

7. The northeast boundary of the United States was 
agreed upon in 1842. In the making of the treaty, 
Daniel Webster represented the United States, and Lord 
Ashburton, England. It is known as the Webster-Ash- 
burton treaty. 

Blackboard Form. 

Prinxipal Events. 




\vi:i;.-TEK. 



O 






Va}i Bv 



Harrison 

and 

Tyler. 



ren. 



183 
1841, 
1842, 
1845, 



_ ( Inauguration. 

[ Business panic. 
f Inauguration. 
[ Death of Harrison. 
f Dorrs Hehellion. 
i Webster- Ashhurton Treaty. 
( Texas annexed. 
\ Florida admitted. 



1G6 Fip^Tii pekiod: indkpkndenck. 

Questions.— Wlio was the eighth Piosidont ? The ninth ? The tenth ? 
How long was Van Buren President ? Harrison ? What misfortune befell 
the country in Van Buren's administration ? What was the cause of this 
business i)anic ? What was the result ? When was Harrison inaugurated ? 
For what had he already become famous ? AVho was the first "accidental " 
President ? What four events took place while Tyler was President ? 
What w^as the cause of Dorr's Rebellion ? How did it end ? What was the 
Webster-Ashburton treaty ? When was it agreed upon ? By whom was it 
signed ? 

Write the Blackboard Foriu for the adiuiuistratioii of 
Van Buren. Harrison and Tyler. 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XLVI. 

What State west of Louisiana ? What country southwest of Texas ? In 
what part of Texas is San Antonio ? In what part of Texas is Houston ? 
In what part of Texas is Gonzales ? 

CHAPTER XLVI. 

TEXAS. 

1. Tlie annexation of Texas was one of the most im- 
23ortant events of our country's liistory. All that part of 
the United States Avest of the Mississippi River and not 
included in the Louisiana purchase -belonged to Mexico. 
Texas was a part of Mexican territor>\ 

2. As the United States grew in j^opulation, many 
peo2:)le moved westward and settled in the western terri- 
tories. In this AvaA' manv Americans had o-one to Texas. 



TEXAS. 



167 




THE ALAMO. 



As time passed on and the 
number increased, these 
settlers felt a desire to be 
independent of Mexico. 

3. They won indepen- 
dence by a revolution, as 
the independence of the 
thirteen colonies had been 
won years l)efore. The 

beo-inninii^ of the Texas revolution was the fis^ht at Gon- 
zales, between the Mexican captain, Castanada, and Colo- 
nel Moore. This took place on the 2d of October, 1835. 

4. In the ^var tliat followed, the Texans fouo^ht with 
the greatest bravery. In 1886, Santa Anna, leader of 
the Mexicans, made an attack upon a fort called the 
Alamo, not far from San Antonio. He had 4,t>00 men, 

and the Texans but 200. The fort 
was defended until not one Texan 
^vas left, thouo-h a o:reat nund^er of 
Mexicans had been killed. 

5. Xot lonp; after this the brave 
General Sam Houston, ^vith a little 
army of Texans, met Santa Anna. 
A battle Avas fouglit at San Jacinto, 
and the whole ^Mexican army was 
destroyed. Santa ^Vnna himself 
was taken prisoner. 

6. Texas was wow free. A re- 




GENEISAL S>AM HOUSTON, 



108 



FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. 



[g election, 



G 



Ten- 



public was oi'ganized, and in the followin; 
eral Sam Houston was chosen President, and Mirabeau 
B. Lamar, Vice-President. In 1845, Texas was annexed 
to the United States. Later in the year, officers were 
elected, a State government Avas organized, and Texas was 
admitted into the Union as the twenty-eighth State. 



Texas. 



Blackboard Form. 



1685, Explored by La Salle. 

1835, Battle of Gonzales 

1 oo^> ( Siege of the Alamo. 
\ Battle of San Jacinto. 



]84;j 



An Hexed to the United States. 
Admitted to the Union. 



Questions. — To whom did Texas belong ? B\' wliom was it settled ? 
How did it become independent ? What was the beginning of the Texas 
Revolution ? What was the great l)attle of the war ? Who was the leader 
of the Mexicans at San Jacinto ? Gonzales ? Who was the leader of the 
Texans in each battle? What was the result of the siege of the Alamo? 
Who was the first President of Texas ? When was it annexed ? When 
did it become a State ? 

Write the Blaxkboard Form for Texas. 



GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Prkpakatoky to the Study of Chapter XrjVTT. 

Where is Texas ? Towa ? Wisconsin ? What river bonnds Texas on the 
southwest ? Tn what part of Texas is the Nueces River ? What city near 
the mouth of the Rio Grande ? Name the States and Territories Avest of the 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 



169 



Rocky Mountains and south of Oregon and Idaho. In what part of Mexico 
is Monterey ? In what direction is it from ]\Iatanioras ? Where is Vera 
Cruz ? City of Mexico ? In v/hat direction is Mexico from Vera Cruz ? In 
what part of California is the Sacramento River ? Where are the Rocky 
Mountains ? 



CHAPTER XLVIL 



WAR WITH ]VrEXICO. 



1. The eleventli President of the United States was 
James K. Polk of Tennessee. He was inaugurated in 
1845. Three States were ad- 
mitted while he was President : 
Texas in 1845, Iowa in 1846, 
and Wisconsin in 1848. 

2. After Texas Avas ad- 
mitted, trouble arose with Mex- 
ico. The Texans claimed that 
their territory extended south- 
west as far as the Rio Grande. 
The Mexicans claimed that the 
Nueces River was the boundary 
between Texas and Mexico. 
As Texas was now a part of 

the United States, President Polk sent a force of soldiers 
to take possession of the disputed territory. 

3. This force was commanded by Genei'al Zachary 
Tavlor. A laro:e Mexican armv under General Arista 




JAMES K. POLK. 



170 FIFTH period: independence. 

advanced to meet the Americans. Battles were fought 
at Pah) Alto and llesaca de la Pahna, and, although 
Taylor's army Avas only one-third as large as Arista's, the 
Mexicans were defeated in both battles and were coni- 
2)elled to cross the liio Gi'ande to Matamoras. 

4. War had now begun in earnest. Three campaigns 
were planned against Mexico. General Kearney was to 
cross the Kocky Mountains and take possession of the 
northwestern portion of Mexico, which then included 
California and New Mexico. General Taylor ^vas to 
cross the Pio Grande, and General Scott was to land at 
Vera C^ruz and march to the city of Mexico. 

5. All tliree of these plans were well carried out. 
Genei'al Kearney and Captain John C. Fremont, with the 
assistance of an American fleet under Commodore Stock- 
ton, took possession of California and New Mexico Avith- 
out any trouble. Taylor and Scott had some fighting to 
do before their campaigns were over. 

6. General Taylor crossed the Pio Grande, took pos- 
session of Matamoras, and marched westward into Mex- 
ico. With 6,000 men he attacked 10,000 Mexicans posted 
under Ampudia in the strongly fortified city of Monterey. 
After three days' hard fighting, Taylor captured the city 
and all its fortifications. He then marched on to Bueua 
Yista, where, on February 28, 1847, his greatest victory 
was won. 

7. The Mexican army consisted of 20,000 men. It 
was led by Santa Anna, the same Mexican general who 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 



171 



years before liad opposed tlie Texans. There were but 
5,000 men in the American army. Feeling sure of the 
victory, Santa Anna suggested to a messenger sent by 
Taylor that the Americans would do well to surrender. 




iENEKAL TAYLOR NKVEK f^LKKENDEKS. 



" General Taylor never surrenders," was the answer made 
to this proposal. The battle that followed was a fierce 
one. The Americans were completely victorious, for 
Santa Anna's army was driven in great confusion from 
the field. 



172 



FIFTH period: independence. 



Ill c 



8. General Scott, after a liard-fouglit contest, succeeded 

ipturing Vera Cruz. Witli 12,U00 men lie tlien l)e- 

a march inland to the city of Mexico. He ^vas op- 

})osed all ah)ng tlie route by large 

Mexican armies under Santa Anna, 

who had come down to stop him 

after leaving Taylor at Buena Vista. 

Brilliant victories were w^on by the 

American army at 

Cerro Gordo, Molino 

del Re}', and Cha- 

pultepec, and on tlie 

14tli of September, 

1847, Scott entered 

Mexico in triumph. 

9. This ended the 
\var. On February 
2,1848, a treaty was 
concluded at Gua- 
dalu23e Hidalgo, by 
AN'hich Mexico agreed 
to surrender all the 
territory that iio\n' 
forms the south- 
western part of the United States, for wdiich the United 
States was to pay $15,000,000. 

10. Har<ll}^ liad the ^var closed when gold was dis- 
covered in that portion of the Mexican purchase then 




CROSSING THE KOCKY MOUNTAINS. 



^YAn ^YITH Mexico. 173 

known as California. Particles of the precious metal 
were found in the sand of the Sacramento River, and it 
was not long until the rocks of many mountains were 
known to contain veins of it. There were no railroads 
across the great western plains in those days. The jour- 
ney to California was made by wagons, long trains of 
which crossed the Rocky Mountains with much difficulty. 
Notwithstanding this, peo})le rushed to California from 
all j)arts of the Avorld, at first to dig for gold, then to lay 
out farms and 1 juild cities ; and now it is one of the most 
prosperous States of the Union. 

Blackboard Form. 

Prixcipal Events. 



1845, 



Inauguration. 
Texas admitted. 
Folic s -. ^ . . f Mexican War. 
Admin- -\ ' I Iowa admitted, 

istration. ( Wisconsin admitted. 

j l(S48,-( Treaty of Guadcdvpe Hidalgo. 
y ( Gold discovered. 

Questions.— Who was the eleventh President of the United States f 
Wlicn was lie inaugurated ? Wliat States were admitted during his admin- 
istration ? What troubles arose upon the admission of Texas ? Between 
what two rivers did the disputed territory lie ? Who was sent to the Rio 
Grande frontier ? What two battles did Taylor fight before the Mexicans 
were driv-n across the river ? Who Avas the Mexican general in these bat- 
tles ? What campaigns were planned ? Who was to lead each ? How 
did Kearney succeed ? What town did General Taylor cn])ture after cross- 



174 



FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. 



iug the Rio Grande ? Where did he then go ? Wliat was the result of the 
storming of Monterey ? What was tlie next battle fought by Taylor ? 
What was the size of each army in tliis battle ? What did Santa Anna 
suggest to Taylor to do ? What answer was made ? What was the result 
of the battle ? What city did Scott capture before he began his march to 
Mexico? How many men had he? What victories did he win ? When 
did he enter the City of Mexico ? What ended the war ? Where was a 
treaty concluded ? What did the United States gain by this war ? What 
sum of money was paid Mexico ? What discovery led to the rapid settle- 
ment of California ? 

Write the Blackboard Form for Polk's adiuiuistration. 

Review Outline. 



•I 



^5> 



Causes. 

Ameri- 
ca ns. 



^ 



f Annexation of Texas, 
I Disputed territory, 
{Taylor. 



{ Scott. 
I Kearney. 
r Arista. 
3fexicans. -\ Ampudia. 



Tayh 



or s. 



Scotfs. 



V Santa Anna. 
\ 1846, May 8, Falo Alto. 
j " May 9, .Resaca de la Palma. 
\ '' Sept. 24, Monterey. 
Vx^^l.Feh. 23, Buena Vista. 
1S47, 3far. 27, Vera Cruz. 

" Ap>r. 18', Cerro Gordo. 

'' Sept. 8, Molina del Rey. 

^' Sept. 1'*), Chapultepec. 

''- Sept. 14, Mexico entered. 



TAYLOR, FILLMORE, TIERCE, AND BUCHANAN. 



175 



GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to thk Study of Chapter XLVIII. 

Where is Louisiana ? New York ? New Hampshire ? Pennsylvania ? 
In wliat part of Asia is Japan ? What ocean between Japan and the United 
States ? Where is Minnesota ? Oregon ? Kansas ? In what part of Eu- 
rope is Ireland ? In what part of America is Newfoundland? 



CHAPTER XLVIII. 



THE TAVELFTH, THIRTEENTH, FOURTEENTH, AND FIFTEENTH 

PRESIDENTS. 

1. The twelfth, tliirteeiitli, fourteenth, and fifteenth 
Presidents of the United States were Zachary Taylor of 
Louisiana, Millard Fillmore of 
Xew York, Fi-anklin Pierce of 
New Hampshire, and James 
Buchanan of Pennsylvania. 

2. Taylor was inaugurated 
in 1849, but died the year after ; 
and the Vice-President, Fill- 
more, became President. Dur- 
ing the administration of Fill- 
more, California Avas admitted 
as a State, and three great 
American statesmen died : 
John C. Calhoun in 1850, Henry Clay and Daniel Web- 
ster in 1852. 




ZACHAKY TAYLOR. 



FIFTH PERIOD : INDEPENDENCE. 



^H^^ 




MILLAHD FU.LMOKE. 



3. Pierce Avas iiiau<j:ui'ated 
in 1853. While lie was Presi- 
dent, a treaty a\ as made with 
Japan l)y \vliicli that country 
permitted American vessels to 
enter its harbors and Ameri- 
cans to carry on commerce 
Avith its people. A dispute 
arose ^vith Mexico over the 
boundaiy line that runs west 
from the Rio Grande. It Avas 
settled by tlie pnrchase from 
Mexico of a portion of what is now New Mexico and 
Arizona. This is kno\\'n as the Gadsden Purchase, as 
General James Gadsden acted for the United States in 
the matter. 

4. Buchanan was inau2:n- 
rated in 1857. While he 
was President, three new 
States Avere admitted : Min- 
nesota in 1858, Oregon in 
1859, and Kansas in 1861. 
One of the most important 
events of Buchanan's ad- 
ministration was the laying 
of the first Atlantic cable. 

5. This cable was laid 
under the Atlantic Ocean 




JOUN C. CALHOLN. 



177 



from Ireland to NeAvfoiiiidlaiid. 
It was a oTeat uiidertakino^ at the 
time, and Cvrus W. Field, tliToiicr]i 
whose efforts it was accomplished, 
deserved much credit, for he over- 
came many difficulties before he 
^vas rewarded ^vith success. Other 
cables have since been laid, and 
messages may now be sent between 
Europe and America in a fe\v 
seconds. 

6. Tlie administrations of these four Presidents were 
not peaceful. Bitter contentions often arose over the 
question of slavery. You shall be told of this slavery 
question in another chapter. 




FUANKLIN PIEKCE. 



Questions.— Who was the twelfth President ? Thirteenth ? Four- 




JAMES BUCHANAN. 
13 



teeiith ? Fifteentli 



From what State 



Avas Taylor ? Fillmore ? Pierce ? Bu- 
chanan ? Wiien was Taylor inaugurated ? 
Pierce? Buchanan? Who was the second 
"accidental" President? What three 
great statesmen died while Fillmore was 
President ? What treaty was made ? 
What purchase ? What States were ad- 
mitted while Buchanan was President? 
What was one of the most important 
events of his administration ? Why were 
not the administrations of these four 
Presidents peaceful ones ? Over what 
question arose bitter contentions and much 
ill feeling for years ? 



178 FIFTH PERIOD : INDEPENDENCE. 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter XLIX. 

Name the Southern States. Where is Virginia ? Missouri ? Texas ? 
California ? Kansas ? Nebraska ? Find tlie southern boundary line of 
Missouri. Trace this line from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. 
Is Kansas north or south of this line ? Nebraska ? Name the States nortli 
of the line. 

CHAPTER XLIX. 

SLAVERY. 

1. Negroes were iirst brought to America, as you will 
remember, in 1619. In those days, slavery existed all over 
the woi'ld. From time to time more negroes were brought 
from Africa, so that at the beginning of the Revolution 
every one of the thirteen colonies had negro slaves. 

3. There ^vere not many negroes in the North, because 
the farms were so small that slaves were not needed 
to cultivate them. Many of the people Avere engaged in 
fishing and ship-l>uilding, in commerce and manufacture, 
and they, too, found that they did not need slave labor. 
Therefore slavery Avas gradually abolished in the North- 
ern States. 

3. There ^\'ere a great many slaves in tlie South, be- 
cause the plantations Avere large, and many laborers Avere 
needed to cultivate them. The growing of cotton, rice, 
sugar, and tobacco on these plantations Avas the principal 
business of the people, and they believed that they could 



SLAVERY. 179 

not do witlioiit slave laljor. Therefore the Southern 
States continued the system. 

4. Thus the States soon came to he kno^vn as free 
States and sLive States, divided by the boundary line 
between Pennsylvania and Maryland, which was called 
Mason and Dixon's line. Whenever it Avas proposed to 
admit a new State, there was a contest in Congress as to 
whether slavery should be permitted in it or not. 

5. In 1820 Missouri applied to be admitted as a slave 
State. An angry contest folloANcd. Finally Congress 
passed an act a\ liich a\ as knoAvn as the Missouri Com- 
promise, and was advocated by Henry Clay. This act 
2:>ermitted slavery in Missoui'i, l)ut prohibited it in neAV 
States that might be organized from the Louisiana pur- 
chase north of the line forming the southern boundary 
of Missouri. Thus for a time the question Avas settled. 

6. After some years societies Avere formed in the North 
for the purpose of abolishing slaver}'. These encour- 
aged slaves to run aAvay from their OAvners and make 
their Avay to some State north of Mason and Dixon's line. 
The Constitution required that Avhenever a runaway 
slave Avas found in a free State, he was to be returned to 
his oAvner. Certain Northern States, however, refused to 
give up fugitive slaA'es, and much ill feeling between the 
sections resulted. 

7. While this (piestion Avas being discussed, California 
asked to be admitted to the Union as a free State ; but 
under the Missouri Compromise the Southern people 



180 



FIFTH PKRIOI): INDEPENDENCE. 



claimed tlie riglit to take their slaves into this territory, 
which had been won from Mexico. Pleiiry Chay, who 
had come to l^e known as tlie "Great Pacificator," pro- 
posed conipromises (1850) wliicli became laws. Accord- 
ing to these laws, fngitive slaves were to be returned, 
and California was to l)e admitted ^vithont slavery. 

8. After two or tliree years of peace, trouble arose 

ao^ain because fus^itive 
slaves were not returned, 
and because Cono:ress 
passed the Kansas-Nebras- 
ka Bill. According to 
this law, the territories of 
Kansas and Nebraska, 
though north of the Mis- 
souri Compromise line, were 
to decide for themselves 
whether they should per- 
mit slavery. Settlers from 
free and from slave States 
at once I'ushed to Kansas, each side hoping to out-vote the 
other on the slavery question. Here the trouble grew 
Avorse. The new settlements were broken u]), houses were 
burned, and many persons were killed. All this hap- 
pened while Buchanan was President, and increased the 
])itter feeling between the States. 

1). The final trouble came in 1860. The Democrats 
met at Charleston to nominate a candidate for President. 




HENRY CLAY 



SLAVERY. 181 

The Soiitliern members asked the convention to declare 
tliat it was the duty of Congress to protect slave property 
ill every territory. This the convention refused, and the 
Southern members, with a number of the, Northern mem- 
bers, withdrew. The I'esult was that t^vo Democratic can- 
didates were nominated : Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, 
by those opposed to the protection whicb the Southern 
men had asked ; and John C. Breckenridge by those who 
favored such protection. The Republican party, which 
opposed slavery in all the territories, nominated Abra- 
ham Lincoln. The old Whigs chose for their candidate 
John Bell of Tennessee. Lincoln was elected. The dif- 
ference between the parties w^as about slavery in the ter- 
ritories. Both Lincoln and his party denied that they 
wanted to abolish slavery. 

Questions. — When was slavery introduced ? AVhere did the custom 
of liolding slaves exist ? In what States was slave labor found to be the more 
profitable? Why was slavery abolished in the North? Why was it con- 
tinued in the Soutli ? What two cUisses of States did there come to be ? 
Wiiat was tlie Missouri Compromise ? Who advocated it ? Wliat move- 
ment in tlie North caused the question to arise again ? W^hat State was 
admitted about this time ? Who settled the question peacefully when Cali- 
fornia was admitted ? W^hat was he now called ? What was the Kan- 
sas-Nebraska Bill ? What was the result of the passing of this bill ? 
In electing Buchanan's successor, what four candidates were there ? Who 
were the Democratic candidates? Who was the Republican candidate? 
Whose candidate was John Bell ? Stephen A. Douglas ? Who was 
elected ? 

Write the Blackboard Form for the aduiiiiistratioii of 
Taylor and Fillinore. Pieree. Buchanan. 



182 



FIFTH FEKIOD: INDEPENDENCE. 



'^^ 



■^ 
^ 






Taylor 

and 

Fillmore. 



lerce. 



Buchanan. 



Blackboard Form. 

Principai. Evkxts. 

1849, Inauguration.^ 

j Death of Taylor. 

1850, \ California admitted. 

I Death of Calhoun. 

\ ^ ' , r Clay. 
1852, I Death of | ^j.^^^^^^^, 

( Inauguration. 

I Gadsden Purchase. 

( Japan Treaty. 

I Kansas-Nehraska Bill. 

Inauguration. 
\ Minnesota admitted. 
L Atlantic cable. 

1859, Oregon admitted. 

1860, Secession of South Carolina. 

1861, Ka n sets adm itted. 



{ 1858, 



1854 
1857 

1858 



GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter L. 

In what part of Virginia is Harper's Ferry ? Where is South Carolina ? 
Florida ? Where is ISIississippi ? Alabama ? Where is Georgia ? Louisi- 
ana ? Where is Texas ? Tennessee ? Where is Arkansas ? North Caro- 
lina? In ^vlult part of Alabama is ^[ontgomery ? In wliat part of Virginia 
is Richmond ? In what part of South Carolina is Charleston ? 



^^p.TS^^_0/5^, 




LEAVING THE UNION. 



1. The year before Lincoln's election, an attempt was 
made by John Bro^vn to incite a rebellion among the 
negroes of Virginia. With twenty-one men, he captured 
the United States arsenal at Harper's Feri-y, Ijut lie was 
soon taken prisoner, tried, and hanged for treason. The 
event showed llo^^' fast the unfriendly feeling between 
the sections was growing. 

2. When Lincoln Avas elected, the people of the South 
believed that the people of the Xorth had voted not to 
give them ecpial rights in the territories and had denied 
them erpial protection to their property in slaves, although 
the Supreme Court had declared that they Avere entitled 
to both under the Constitution. 

3. So a number of >States determined to withdraw, or 



184 



IIFTII PERIOD : INDEPENDENCE. 



secede. Soiitli Carolina was the first to pass an ordi- 
nance of secession. This she did December 20, 1860. 
She was soon followed by the States of Florida, Missis- 
sippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. 

4. The seceded States formed themselves into a con- 
federation of their 
own. Montgomery 
was made the cap- 
ital. Here dele- 
gates met and the 
government of the 
^ ^ C o n f e d e ]• a t e 
States of Amer- 
ica" was duly or- 
ganized. Jefferson 
Davis of Missis- 
sij^pi was chosen 
President, and Al- 
exander H. Ste- 
phens of Georgia 
Vice-President. 

5. The people 
of the South be- 
lieved that they had a right to set»ede. They believed 
that the Union was a compact between the States, and 
tliat any State had a right to ^vithdraw from the Union 
Avhenever the people of that State decided to do so. 
6. Tlie ])eople of the North held tlie same opinion 




JEFFERSON DAMij. 



[Photo, 1SS7. 



LEAA^lNG THE ITNION. 



18o 




ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS. 



when tlie ITnion was first formed, but 
tlieir belief had cliauged ; and they 
llo^v^ dechired that all the States were 
a nation, and that no State had a 
rij^fht to secede an itliout the consent 
of the others. 

7. So the questions of slavery and 
tariff Avere now left in the l)ack- 
ground, and the quarrel came to be 
about the riofht of a State to leave 
the Union. Both sides believed themselves to be in the 
right, and it took a long and bloody war to settle the 
question. 

8. By the time that Lincoln Avas inaugurated, it w^as 
known that an attempt would be made to force the 
South back into the Union. The seceding States had 
already made preparations to resist. They had seized 
the forts and arsenals situated within their boundaries, 

as they had a perfect riglit to do if 
they had the right to secede. Major 
Anderson had refused to surrender 
Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charles- 
ton, South Carolina, and Mr. Lincoln 
sent a ship to Charleston to reenforce 
the fort. This w-as regarded by the 
South as an act of war, and General 
Beauregard Avas ordered to prevent the 
f reenforcemeuts, and to cap- 




P. G. T. BEAUREGAKD. 



landing 



186 



FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. 



tare tlie fort. Tlie first 



was fired Fi'icl; 



lie nrst gnu was nreci r nany morning, 
Api'il 12, 1861, and the bombardment continued until 
Anderson surrendered. No one was hurt. 

9. The news of this bombardment fieAv over the coun- 
try and produced the greatest excitement. Eveiy one 



felt that the siofnal of war had been 



given. 



President 




BOMBARDMENT OF FOKT SUMTER. 



Lincohi called for volunteers to maintain tlie authority of 
tlie United States Government. President Davis called 
for volunteers to defend tlie Southern Confederacy. 

10. The time had come for the other Southern States 
to decide upon which side they would be. Virginia, 
North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee joined the Con- 
federacy. The capital was changed from Montgomery 



LEAVING THE UNION. 187 

to Ricliiiioiid, wliere the Soutlierii volunteers soon assem- 
bled. The Northern volunteers gathered at AYashington. 
The first great battle was to be fought at a point between 
the two cities. 

11. And so these States which had stood together ever 
since they ^vere struggling colonies ; which had fought 
and suffered together in the Revolution to obtain each 
its independence, were now arrayed against one another. 
Neither side would yield, and both Avere ready to fight 
for what they thought to be right, as Americans had al- 
Avays done before them. In the days of the Revolution, 
Virginia had declared that " an attack on Massachusetts 
Avould be regarded as an attack upon Virginia," but now 
Massachusetts troops Avere among the first to reach Vir- 
ginia to Avar against hei*. 

12. As the French and Indian War had trained many 
of the patriot soldiers Avho took ])art in the Revolution, 
so the Mexican War gave experience to many Avho came 
to the front on both sides in the Avar between the North 
and South. Among them Avere some of the greatest 
generals of the world, men Avliose names people of both 
North and South are now proud to honor as Americans. 

Questions. — Who attempted to incite the Virginia negroes to re- 
bellion ? AVhat was the result? What did the John Brown raid show- ? 
AYliat did the people of tlie South see before the country when it was known 
that Lincoln was elected ? What did some of the States determine to do? 
AVhy ? What State was the first to secede ? AVIien was the Ordinance of 
Secession passed ? What States followed South Carolina in the secession 
movement ? AVhat did the seceded States form themselves into ? AVhat 



188 



FIFTH period: indpjpendexce. 



city was made the capital ? Who was elected President ? Vice-President ? 
What did the people of the South believe ? What opinion did the people 
of the North hold i Wliat was now the question upon which there was to 
be a quarrel ? What steps did the South take to resist any attempt to force 
them back into the Union? What happened at Fort Sumter? Why? 
When was the tirst gun tired ? What effect had the bombardment on tlie 
country ? What four States joined the Confederacy ? What then became 
the capital ? Where did Union soldiers gather ? Wliere did the Confeder- 
ate soldiers assemble ? Name some of the difficulties through which 
the colonies had assisted one another. What war had given experience 
to many who fought in the Revolution ? What war trained many who 
fought in the war that was now to take place ? 

Write the Blackboard Form for the causes of the War 
for Southern Independence. 

Blackboard Form. 
r 1619, Introduction. 



^ 




^ 


^ 


< 


1 


i 


1 




^ 




S^ 




c 

« 


Vg 


•30 


"^ 


GO 





^ 



Slavery. 



Tariff. 



Secession 



1820, Missoii ri Comp rom v<e. 
-! 1850, Compromise Measures. 

1856, Kansas Struggles. 
> 1859, John Browns Maid. 
r 1824, Tariff Acjitation. 
J 1828, Tariff Bill. 
' {Tariff Bill. 

'^'' \ Nullification Act. 
\ 1860, Soutli Carolina. 
\ 1861, Bomhardmen t of Fort Sumter. 



GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter LT. 

Where is Virginia ? In what direction from AVashington is Richmond ? 
Wiiat States arc the most eastern of the Southern States ? Which is the 
most western ? 



THE FIRST IMPORTAiS^T BATTLE. 



189 



CHAPTER LI. 



THE FIRST IMPORTANT BATTLE. 



1. Wlien tlie Nortliern volunteers gathered at Wash- 
ington, the cry was raised " On to Richmond." Tliey 
thouo^lit that it would be 
very easy to take that 
city, and that the capture 
of the Confederate capi- 
tal Avoid d end tlie war. 

2. General Winfield 
Scott was the iirst com- 
mander-in-chief of the 
Union army, but as he 
was too old to take the 
field, the army that set 
out for Richmond was 
put under the command 
of General McDowell. 

3. To oppose this 
army the Confederates 
assembled at Manassas 
Junction, twenty-five miles from Washington, near a little 
creek called Bull Run. They were commanded by Gen- 
eral Joseph E. Johnston and General Beauregard. Tlie 
Northern soldiers were confident of victory, and the 
Southern army had the same confidence in themselves. 




From a\ 



[Photograph. 



JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON. 



190 



FIFTH period: ixdependenoe. 



4. So a battle occurred. At first the advantage was 
with the Union soldiers, and the Confederates Avere being 
forced back. But there was a Confederate general in 
this battle ^vho ^v<)uld not be driven back. He stood 
with his men like a stone wall. For this reason the 
soldiers called him ^' StoncAvall " Jackson, though his real 
name was Thomas Jonathan. 

5. The battle from the first had been fought by only 
a part of the Southern army. About the time that 

Jackson made his stand the remainder 
of Johnston's army arrived upon the 
scene. It was not lono- before the 
Union soldiers Avere driven from the 
field in the o;reatest disorder. The 
army that set out to finish the war in 
three months returned to Washincrton 
completely demoralized. 

G. When the people of the North 
heard of the battk^ of Manassas, or Bull Hun, they were 
resolved to conquer the South. More than half a million 
men joined the Union army and several campaigns were 
plamied. It was now felt that the war was to be a 
long and l)itter one, and every ])re]>aration for it was 
ma(U'. 

7. The War for Southern In(h'[)endence lasted four 
years. We ha^'e not space in this little book to tell of 
all the battles tliat were fought and of the brave deeds 
that were done bv men both of the North and of the 




MCDOWKLI. 



THE FIRST IMPORTANT BATTLE. 



191 



Soutli, tliousaiids of Avliom fell upoii maiiy battle fields. 
We can tell only of some of the important battles and a 
few of the principal generals. 

8. Fioiitino; was carried on in botli tlie eastern and 



^^^ 




THK FIliST BATTLE OF MANASSAS, OK BULL RUN. 

western portions of the Confederacy. Most of the battle 
gronnds in the East Avere in the State of Virginia, where 
the war was finally brought to a close. Let us first learn 
hoAv the struofo^le was carried on in the West. 



193 FIFTIT FFRIOD : INDFFKXDFXCE. 

Questions. — Wlien the Nortlicni army collected at Washington, what 
cry was raised:' AVhy did they wish to ca[)ture the Confederate capital? 
Who was the first Union eoniniander-in-cliief ? Who took his place in the 
field ? Why ? Where had the Confederate army taken a position ? Who 
commanded them ^. Which side hud the advantage at first ? AVhat gen- 
eral stood like a stone wall in this battle ? What was the result of this 
battle ? What determination tired the people of the North on hearing of 
the battle ? How many men joined the Northern armies ? How long did 
the AVar for Southern Independence last ? Where was fighting carried on ? 
In what State were most of the eastern battle fields ? 

GE9GRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter LII. 

Where is Missouri ? In what i)art of Illinois is Cairo ? Into what do the 
Tennessee and Cumberland liivers How ? In what direction does the Ten- 
nessee fiow ? In what [)art of Mississippi is Corinth ? In what part of 
Tennessee is Murfreesboro ? In Avhat part of jNIississippi is Vicksburg ? In 
what part of Tennessee is Chattanooga ? In what direction is Georgia from 
Chattanooga ? Where is New Orleans ? In what part of Louisiana is Port 
Hudson ? Where is the Red River ? In what part of Louisiana is Mans- 
field ? 

CHAPTER LII. 

Till] WAP. IN THE ^VEST. 

1. The first battles in tlie AVest took place in the 
State of Missouri. Not Ions; after the battle of Manassas 
at Bull liun Creek,, a battle was' fought at Wilson's 
Creek, in which the Confederates were victorious. They 
were led by Generals Price and McCulloch. 

2. In the early part of 1862, a Union force under 
General U. S. Grant advanced from Cairo, Illinois, to 



THE TVAR IX THE WEST. 



193 



break the line of foi-ts that had been established in Ten- 
nessee and Kentucky by the Confederates. He was 
assisted by a large fleet of gunboats under Commodore 
Foote, and Fort Henry on the Tennessee Eiver and Fort 
Donelson on the Cumber- 
land fell into his hands. 

3. He t he n m o v e d 
south up the Tennessee 
River as far as Pittsburg 
Landing. Another Union 
army, under General 
Buell, had been ordered 
to join him there. The 
Confederates had col- 
lected an army under 
Generals Albert Sidney 
Johnston and Beauresrard 
at Corinth, not far off, 
and it was determined to 
attack Gi'ant before his 
reenforcements arrived. 

4. The Confederates surprised the Union camps in the 
woods near Shiloh Church. Long and stubborn fighting 
followed. The battle had been skillfully planned before- 
hand by General Johnston, who was one of the ablest 
generals of the war. Grant's army was driven back, and 
many Union soldiers ^vere taken prisoners. But John- 
ston received a mortal wound during the battle, and 

13 




From Ph<itu.\ 

ALBERT SIDNEY JOHNSTON. 



iAge 57. 



194 



FIFTH PEKIOD: INDEPENDENCE. 




BRAXTON BRAGG. 



l)efore the victory could be followed 
up Biiell arrived, and Grant was 
saved. The next day the Confeder- 
ates under Beauregard retired to 
Corinth. 

5. The command of the arm}' 
next fell to (Teneral Braxton Bi*agg. 
During the latter part of the year 
Bragg moved his army nortlnvard 
into Kentucky. He Avas followed 
by Buell, and at Perryville a battle was fought Avhich 
checked Buell's advance and gave Bragg time to return 
to Tennessee. On the last day of December he was at- 
tacked by Rosecrans at Murfreesboro, where one of the 
bloodiest battles of the war occurred. Bosecrans was 
driven back. Two days later the battle was renewed, 
but the result was in favor of neither side. Bragg, 
believing Rosecrans to be heavily reenforced, then with- 
dre^v toward Chattanooo^a. Later 
he retired to Georgia. Rosecrans, 
advancing with his army, occupied 
Chattanooga. 

6. Nearly a year afterwards, in 
Septembei', 1863, Bragg and Rose- 
crans again came together, and what 
has been called the great battle of 
the West ^vas fought at Chickamauga 
Creek in northwest Georgia. The georgk h. thomas. 




THE WAR IX THE AVEST. 



195 



battle lasted two days, and resulted in a victory for the 
Confederates. Had it not been for tlie bravery of General 
Thomas, wlio stood firm wliile tlie rest of the army was 
I'etreating, the Union forces Avould liave been destroyed. 
T. General Grant Avas now put in command of the 




BATTLE or !?HILOH. 



Union army, which had been driven to Chattanooga. 
He ^^as heavily reenforced by Hooker and Sherman. 
The combined armies defeated the Confederates in the 
battles of Missionarv Rido^e and Lookout Mountain. 
General Bragg retreated to Dalton, Georgia, and wuh 
superseded by General Joseph E. Johnston. 



lOG FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. 

8. Meamvliile tlio Unionists liad obtained full posses- 
sion of the Mississi})pi Iviver. \ Heet under Connnodore 
Farragut ascended from the mouth of the river. After 
meeting a hrave resistance, this Heet passed the forts 
below the citA' and reached New Orleans. Beino- wholly 
defenceless, the city surrendered to avoid bonil)ardnient, 
and all the lower part of the river as far as Port Hudson 
was held by the lleet. 

9. The Union gunboats had come do\vn tlie river from 
the North, capturing all [)laces on both sides as far as 
Yichsburg, Mississippi, ^vhere they were sto})])ed by the 
Confederate forts. Two s^reat armies luider (xeneral 
Grant were landed, and Vicksburg and Port Hudson 
Avere both besieged. After suffering many of the horrors 
of starvation, the garrisons in these two places wei'e com- 
pelled to surrender. This happened in July, 1863, three 
months before the battle of Chickamauga. 

10. In the early part of 1864, a Union army under 
General Banks attempted to overrun Louisiana. Banks 
ascended the Ked R-iver and was met by General Richard 
Taylor, Avith a small Confederate army, at Mansfield. 
The battle I'esulted in a Union defeat. Taylor folloAved up 
his victory, and the battle of Pleasant Hill Avas fought, after 
Avhich the Unionists retreated fronrthat part of the State. 

Questions. — What battle iu Missouri was won by tlie Confederates? 
Under wliat Generals? AYliat Union general was stationed at Cairo? 
AVhen did lie start south ? AVhat forts did he capture ? AVho assisted him 
in the capture of these forts ? AVhere did he then go ? AA'liat Union gen- 
eral was to reenforee him at Pittsburg Landinu- ? AVhere liad a Confederate 



THE WAR IN YIRGINIA. 197 

army collected ? Where was a battle fought ? Who led the Confederates ? 
What was the result ? AVhat happened to Johnston ? What saved Grant ? 
What battle was fouglit between Bragg and Rosecrans ? When ? Wliere 
did Bragg and Rosecrans again meet ? What was the result ? What Union 
general saved the retreating army from destruction ? Who now assumed 
command of the Union army { By wliom was he reenforced 'i What was 
the result of the battles of Chattanooga ? What river had tlie Unionists 
obtained possession of by this time? AVhat ascended the river ? What 
city was surrendered to Admiral Farragut ? Wiiat liad gunboats from the 
North done ? What cities were besieged ? Why were they finally surren- 
dered ? What State did General Banks attempt to overrun ? When ? 
Who met him ? Where ? Wiio were victorious ? What was the result of 
Banks's expedition ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter LIII. 

In what part of Virginia is the James River i Where is the York River ? 
What natural division of land lies between the York and James Rivers ? 
In what part of Virginia is Williamsburg ? Fredericksburg? Where is the 
Shenandoah River ? Where is Harper's Ferry ? Wliere is Chancellorsville ? 
In what part of Pennsylvania is Gettysburg ? In what direction is it from 
Richmond ? 

CHAPTEE LIII. 



tup: war IX VIRGINIA. 

1. xVfter tlie battle of Bull Run tlie Union army in 
Virginia was placed under the command of General 
Georcre B. ]\IcClellan. He first orsranized and drilled 
liis men and then advanced on Riclnnond by way of the 
peninsula between the York and James Rivers. After 
beino' held in check for a month near Yorktown bv a 



198 



FIFTH PERIOD : INDEPENDENCE. 



force under General Magnider, Le advanced. A battle 
^vas fouglit at Willianisbui'g (May 5, 1862), wliicli .stopped 
Lis advance until the Confederates reached Richmond. 

2. When McClellan arrived near Richmond, he halted, 
threw up earthworks, and Avaited for reenforcements 

p^ under General McDow- 

ell Avhich Avere to come 
from Fredericksburij:. 
A force of 15,000 men 
under General 8tone>vall 
Jackson was at this time 
in the valley throngh 
which the Slienandoah 
River runs. Washino'- 
ton City Avas not safe so 
long as Confederates 
\vere near ; and before 
McClellan could be re- 
enforced, it was necessary 
to drive them out of the 
valley. Two armies 
under Generals Fremont 

and Banks, and the army under McDowell, consisting in 

all of 60,000 men, were ordered to surround and ca])ture 

Jackson. 

3. It was then that Jackson made the Valley Cam- 
paign, Avhich pi'oved liim to be a great general. Before 




[lhotu(jrapli. 



GEOUUE B. MCCLELLAN. 



the Union armies 



couk 



1 unite, he defeated one at Ci'oss 



THE WAR IX VIRGINIA. 



199 



Keys (June 8, 
18B2), aiiotlier 
at Port Kepub- 
lie the follow- 
ing (lay, and by 
rapid niarcliing 
escaped from 
the valley. 

4. While Mc- 
Clellan\s army 
lay before liicli- 
niond awaitino^ 
reenforcements, 
the battle of 
Seven Pines was 
fought (May 31, 
18f^2). The 
Confederates 
made the attack, 
and ^vel'e suc- 
cessful on the 

tirst day, l>ut the leader, (lenei'al Joseph E. Johnston, 
Av^as wounded. The next day McClellan Avas reenforced 
and the Confederates fell back to Richmond. General 
Pobert E. Lee now assumed command of tlie Confeder- 
ate Army. 

5. Lee attacked the Unionists, and foi' seven days 

McClellan wa 




KOBEHT E. LEE. 



l)attles Avere fouglit, Avhile 



withdrawing 



200 



FIFTH rERIOD : INDEPENDENCE. 



his army (Juno iMj-July 1, 1S()2). These battles resulted 
in great loss of life on both sides. Lee won them all ex- 
cept the last one, at Malvern Hill, wliere tlie Union army 
was strongly posted and })roteeted by gunboats. The 
attack against Richmond had failed. 

6. General Pope now took connnand of the Union 

army. lie was defeated, 
August oOth, on the same 
iiehl u[)()n which the battle 
of Bull liun had been 
fouirht. General Lee 
moved north after this 
])attle, Avitli the intention 
of invadino' Maryland. A 
part of his army under 
Jackson captured Har- 
per's Feriy. McClellan, 
~ who had again been placed 
in command, attacked Lee, 
and a o'reat battle was 
fought at Antietam Creek, 
Maryland (September 17, 
call this fiixht the battle of 







bTONEWALL" JACKSON. 



18G2). The Confederates 
Sharpsburg. The l)attle lasted all day. 

7. Lee drove back tlie Union army and held the field 
that ni<2:ht and all the next dav. Learning that reen- 
foi'cements were being sent to McCMellan, he crossed the 



Pot 



omac 



and marched back to Viro-i 



nia 



Towards the 



THE WAR IX VIRGINIA. 



201 



latter part of the year 1862, McClellan was superseded 
by General Biiriiside, Avho was defeated at the battle of 
Fredericksburg (December 18, 1862). General Hooker 
was then placed in conunand, and the battles of Chan- 
cellorsville were fought. May 2 and 3, 1868. 

8. Hooker was defeated in these battles, l)ut one of 
tlie saddest events of the Avar occurred the nisfht after 
the first day's contest. General Stonewall Jackson was 
returniufi: from an examination of the 
ground and was getting ]'eady for the 
battle of the next day. Being mis- 
taken in the darkness for the enemy, 
he was shot and mortally wounded by 
some of his own men. 

9. He was a man of pious, spotless 
character. He was loved and revered 
by every soldier in the army. He had 
helped Lee win many victories, and 
the men had all come to think that 
where Jackson was there could be no defeat. Now that 
he is dead and the war over, he is honored by people of 
both North and South as one of the great men our 
country has produced. 

10. The Confederates were so successful at Chancel- 
lorsville that Lee determined to invade the North as^ain. 
Marching into Pennsylvania, he was met at Gettysburg 
by General Meade, and one of the greatest battles of the 
war took place (July 1-8, 1868). For three days the 




GEORGE G. BIEADE. 



203 



FIFTH period: INDET'KNDENCE. 




TUi; FAMol S CIlAlUiK AT UETTYtfBlKCi. 



tup: war in VIRGINIA. 203 

battle ]'age(L On the third clay the Confederates under 
Generals Piekett and Pettigrew made a hei'oic charge 
upon the Union breast\vorks, ^vhere they planted their 
colors, but were driven l^ack with great loss. This ended 
the battle. Lee and his men I'eturned to Virginia with- 
out beino; followed. It ^\as the day cifter the battle of 
(xettysburg that Yicksburg surrendered. 

Questions. — Wlio assumed command of tlie Union arm}- after the bat- 
tle of Bull Ivun ? By what way did he advance upon- Richmond ? Who 
held him in clicck ? What battle was then fought ? Whom did McClellan 
wait for to reenforce him ? What general in the Shenandoah Valley occu- 
pied the attention of these reenforcements ? AVhat three armies attempted 
to capture Jackson ? What was the result ? What was this campaign of 
Jackson's called ? What did it prove Jackson to be ? At what battle was 
General Joseph E. Johnston wounded ? Who assumed the command of the 
Confederate army ? AVhat battles were fought around Riclin.ond ? AVhat 
was the name of the last of these battles ? What was the result of the 
second battle of Bull Bun ? Who were the generals on each side ? When 
did the battle take place ? What town did Jackson capture ? What gen- 
erals fought the battle of Antietam ? What was the result of this battle ? 
At what battle was General Buruside defeated ? When ? Who succeeded 
Burnside ? What was the result of the battle of Chancellorsville ? Wliat 
great loss did the Confederates sustain ? What can you say of Stonewall 
Jackson ? What did Lee determine to do after the battle of CluxncellorS' 
ville ? AVhere was he met ? By Avhom ? How many days did the battle 
last ? What ^vas the result ? What city in the West surrendered the day 
after the last fiirht at Gettvsburj? ? 



GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study or Chapter LIV. 

Where is Chattanooga? In what part of Georgia is Atlanta ? In what 
direction from Chattanooga is Atlanta ? In what part of Tennessee is Nash- 



204 



FIFTH rERIOT): INDEPENDENXE. 



ville ? In what direction is Naslivillc from Atlanta ? Where is Richmond ? 
In what part of Virginia is Norfolk ? Name some of the seaports in the 
Southern States. 



CHAPTEK LIV. 

THE LAST OF THE WAR. 

1. In all tlie four years that the Avar lasted, there had 
been but little fighting on sea. The Confederacy owned 




BATTLE BETWEEN THE VIRGINIA AND THE MONITOR. 



few vessels. England sympathized ^\\\h the Southern 
States, and ])erniitted a cruiser, called the Alabama, to 
be fitted up for them at an English seaport. The Ala- 
bama, under Admiral Raphael Semnies, did nuicli damage 



THE LAST OF THE WAR. 205 

to Union vessels, bnt was at last sunk, in 1864, in a battle 
with the United States ship of war Kearsarge. 

2. In the early part of the war a vessel called the 
Merriniac was heavily covered with iron by the Confed- 
erates, and its name changed to the Virginia. A shoi't 
distance from Norfolk, Virginia, it destroyed the Union 
war-ships Cumberland and Congress. Befoi'e any more 
damage could be inflicted, a pecidiar war-vessel, called 
the Monitor, tlie invention of Captain Ericsson, of Ne^v 
York, appeared, and a battle was fought between these 
iron-clad \'essels. Neither could hurt the other. The 
Monitor retired to Fortress Monroe a,nd the Vir^rinia 
returned to Norfolk. 

3. Not long after the war had connnenced, the sea- 
ports of the South \vere blockaded l)y Union shij^s of 
war. These sliips 2)ermitted no vessel to enter or leave 
the port blockaded. As millions of bales of cotton used 
to be sent to England every year, and su]3plies and manu- 
factures Avere received in return, the Ijlockading of these 
ports did much to weaken the South and caused great 
hardships to the people. Fleet vessels resorted to run- 
ning the blockade, and many narrow escapes were en- 
countered ])y them. 

4. General Josejdi E. Johnston wuh placed in com- 
mand of Bragg's army after its I'etreat to Dalton, 
Georgia. He had I'ecovered from the wound received 
a year or moi'e l)efore at the Ijattle of Seven Pines. 

5. General Grant, owing to his success at Vicksburii', 



20G 



IPTII PEKIOD: I^■DK^ENDENCE. 



Cliattanooga, aiul in ]>revious battles, Ava.s now considered 
tlie al)lest general upon the Union side. lie received 
tlie appointment of comniander-in-cliief of all the Union 
ai'inies in March, 18()4. 

6. Leavino- Sherman at Chattanoojj^a in char2:e of the 

army that was to 
attack Johnston, 
Grant hastened 
to Virginia to 
take lip the cam- 
l>aii>:n ai^rainst 
Lee. In ^lay, 
8 h e r m a n a d- 
V a n c e d i n t o 
Georgia. The 
C o n f e d e r a t e 
army ^vas only 
about half as 
laro^e as the Un- 
ion army, and 
thongh it was 
managed Avith 

the greatest skill, it was forced back as far as Atlanta, 

after lighting a nundjer of battles. 

7. General Johnston was then superseded by General 
Ilood, who made three gallant bnt unsuccessful attacks, 
in which a u^reat nundjer of men were kille»l on both 
sides. After holdinii" Atlanta foi' more than a month 




t/^^^--l 



ULYSSES S. GRANT. 



THE LAST OF THE WAR. 



207 




Hood ^^ as forced to leave tLe cit}' in order to save his 
army. He marched back to Tennessee. A little later 
in the year he Avon a victory at Franklin, bnt was 
defeated by General Thomas at Nasliville. Sherman also 
left Atlanta, and marched througli Georgia to the sea- 
coast. The State, from one end to 
the other, Avas overrnn by the Union 
army, honses were burned, and the 
whole countiy laid waste. 

8. AVlien Grant took command 
in Virginia, he knew that the only 
way to end the war was to destroy 
Lee's ami}'. By this time the Con- 
federate States had become greatly 
Aveakened. The number of men 
able to serve in the armv^ had been 
growing less and less. When a 
Confederate soldier Avas killed now, there an- as none to 
take his place. 

9. Many battles took place between Grant and Lee 
during the spring of 1864. Among these were the battles 
of tlie Wilderness and Spottsylvania, fonglit in May 
ISG-l; and the battle of Cold Harbor, June 3. Li these 
battles Grant tried to crush Lee, but was driven back 
every time with heavy loss. Lee also lost many men. 
But Grant could better afford to lose men than could 
Lee, so lie kept up his attacks. 

10. Althouo-h Lee was a o-reat o-eneral, yet all his 



!; 



JOHN' B, HOO]l. 



i08 



FIFTH j»fhiod: tndkpendencf 



ability could not supply the men to 
Hll the ranks of his army, which 
numbered about twenty-five thou- 
sand men, while (xrant constantly 
received reenforcements. Grant, 
\\ ith an army of 160,000 men, now 
laid siege to liichmond and Petei's- 
biirg. After several inonths of 
ahnost continuous liirhtino-, the lono- 
Confederate line was broken. Lee 
was forced to abandon liichmond 
April 8, 1805 ; and on April 9, after 
liavino' fouo'ht so lonir and well, he 
and his ragged, half-starved sol- 
diers gave n}> their arms at Ap- 
pomattox, Virginia. The war 
was over. So(m after, (leneral 
Johnston surrendered at Bentonville, Noi*th Carolina, 
and General Kii'bA' Smith in Texas. 




THE CONFKDEKATK FLAli 



Questions.— Why was tlierc but little sea lighting in this Avar ? With 
Avhoin did Kughuid sympathize ? What vessel was fitted up in England for 
the Confederates ? What became of her ^ What did the Confederates do 
with the ^[errimac ? AVhat Union vessels were destroyed ? What pre- 
vented the Virginia from destroying other vessels ? Why were Southern 
ports blockaded ? What was resorted to by tleet vessels ? Who took com- 
mand of Bragg's army after the battle of Chattanooga ? Where did Grant 
go after this battle? What appointment had he received? With what 
army was Sherman left ? How large was the Confederate army when com- 
l):ired with Sherman's ? What was the result of the battles in north Georgia 
between Johnston :ind Sherman ? Who superseded Johnston ? What 



THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENTS. 209 

were tlie results of his attacks upon tlie Union forces ? What city was lie 
forced to leave ? Where did he then go ? What Avas the result of the 
battle of Nashville ? What nmrch did Sherman make ? Wliat did Grant 
determine to do in order to end the war ? Name some of the battles that 
took place between Grant and Lee. How large was Grant's army ? How 
large was Lee's i Why could Grant afford to lose men ? When was Rich- 
mond surrendered ? What was the condition of General Lee's army ( 
When was Lee's surrender made ? Where ? To whom ? What other gen- 
erals surrendered ? Where ? 

GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter LV. 

Where is Illinois ? West Virginia ? Where is Nevada '^. Li what part 
of North America is Alaska ? Li what part of Europe is Russia ? What 
country of Asia lies between Russia and Alaska ? Who owns this country ? 
Where is Nebraska ? 



CHAPTER LV. 

THE SIXTEENTH A XI) SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENTS. 

1. Abraliam Lincoln, of Illinois, was tlie sixteentli 
President, and ^vas inauo^iirated in 18j61. Dni'ino^ his 
administration t\vo States ^^ere admitted — West Vir- 
oinia and Nevada. Wlien Yiro-inia seceded from tlie 
Union tlie people of the ^v'estern part of the State or- 
ganized the State no\\' known as West Virginia, which 
was made part of the LTnioii in 1863. Nevada was 
admitted in 1864. 

2. A^dlile Lincoln was President, the principal events 
that occurred were, for the most part, connected with the 

14 



210 



FIFTH pfriod: independence. 



war of wbicli you luive just learned. In tlie first year of 
tills ^var, a difficulty with England arose. 

3. The Confederate Government had sent t\\o com- 
missioners to Euro|)e. These commissioners were .John 
Slidell and James M. Mason. They took passage in the 

Eni):lish vessel 




Trent. 
4. On 



tl 



le voy- 



age, the Trent was 
stoj^ped hy a United 
States ship of war, 
and compelled to 
give up the commis- 
sioners, 
looked UDon 



pon »)y 
En£(land as an in- 
suit to her Has:, Jiiid it 
was only by releas- 
ing: Slidell and Ma- 
son that the United 
States a \' e r t e d 
further trouble. 

5. On eTanuary 1, 
1 8G3, Lincoln issued 
his celebrated proclamation of emancipation, declaring 
the slaves in the seceded States free. He w^as elected for 
a second term, but had served scarcely two months when 
he was assassinated bv an nctor named J. Wilkes B(^oth. 



ABUAIIAM LINCOLN. 



[From a nogative, /aoi. Copi/rujfit /»'9/, M. P. Bice.] 



THK SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENTS. 



211 




ANDREW JOHNSON-. 



6. Vice-President Andre av 
Joliuson tlius became President 
just as tlie ^va^ ended. He be- 
lieved that the Soutliern -States 
could not leo-all y secede and were 
still in the Union. He ordered 
the people (^)f those States to 
hold conventions, to I'epeal the 
ordinances oi secession, and to 
al)olish slavery. This was done. 
The legislature in each State 
then approved the Thirteenth 
Amendment to the Constitution, abolishino; slaverv, and 
the President reco<2:nized those States as beino- airain in 
the Union. By counting the votes of seven of these 
States the Thirteenth Amendment was leo-ally adopted. 
This settled the slavei'}' question. 

7. The leaders of the Republican party did not agree 
A\ itli the President. Congress decided that the Southern 
States were out of the Union, and now were territories 
concpiered by the armies of the United States, and that 
each must be "reconstructed"; tliat is, once more made 
a State. Congress passed a numljer of hiAvs called the 
'' lieconstruction Acts " to carr\' out this policy. Under 
these acts, i^-enerals of the arniA^ ^vere made o-overnors of 
the Southern States, and the riodit to vote Avas criven to 
the neo^roes and was taken from leadino^ men of the 
South. The President vetoed these laws because he 



212 



FIFTH PFRTOD: IXDEPENDENrF. 



tlioiiglit tlieiii Avroiig, and this led to m very bitter con- 
test. The feeling grew so strong that lie Avas impeached 
for removing a niend)er of his Cabinet witliont tlie eon- 
sent of the Senate. .Vfter a long trial he was acquitted. 

8. Eight of the Southern States were reconstructed on 
the ])lan of C\mgress, and in 1868 were readmitted to 
tlie Union under "carpet-bag" governments. 'Jliis name 
was o'iven to these o'overnments because thev were con- 
trolled by men from the Noi'th who Avere not regarded as 
citizens in the South, but Avere called " carpet-baggers." 

9. Durins: Johnson V administration Jeifei'son Davis 
and other Soutliern leaders were put in pi-ison, Init in 
time Avere released. Nebraska Avas admitted as a State, 
and Alaska Avas bought from Russia for $7,1?<><>,<K)0. 



Admin ist I'd - 

tions of 

Lincoln and 

Johnson. 



Blackboard Form. 

Principal Events. 



isr,!, 

1868, 

1S()4, 

is6r). 



186 



>< 



i8(;s. 



( Inauguration. 

\ Civil War. 

( Trent affair. 

f ETnancipation Proclamation . 

I West Virginia admitted, 

Neimda admitted. 
( Appomattox surrender. 
( Assassination of Lincoln. 
\ JVedraska admitted. 
[ A laska p urchased. 

Impeachment of lohnson. 



THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVEXTEEXTH PRESIDENTS. 213 

Questions. — Who was the sixteentli President ? The seventeenth ? 
What i\v(^ States were admitted while Lincohi was President ? What one 
while Johnson ? Witli what were the principal events of Lincoln's admin- 
istration connected ? What difficnlty with England did the United States 
narrowh" escape ? What were the names of the Confederate commission- 
ers ? What was the name of the English vessel ? When did Lincoln issue 
his })roclamation of emancipation ? What liappened to Lincoln shortly after 
entering upon liis second term ? What was the name of his murderer ? 
What territory Avas purchased while Johnson was President ? What was 
the i)rice paid ? Why was Johnson impeached ? With what result ? 

AVrite the Blackboard Form for the adiuinistratious of 
Lincoln aud Johnson. 

REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

Wiiat were the causes of the Civil War ? What was the first battle of 
this war ? Name live L'nion generals that took part in this war. Five 
Confederate. Wiiat battles were fought between the following generals : 
Grant and A. S. Johnston ? McDowell and J. E. Johnston { Bragg and 
Rosecrans ? Grant and Bragg ? Lee and McClellau ? McClellan and J. 
E. Johnston ? Lee and Burnside ? Lee and Pope ? Lee and Hooker ? 
Lee and Meade ? Lee and Grant ? J. E, Johnston and Sherman ? Sher- 
man and Hood ? Hood and Thomas ? Name two battles that took place 
in 1801. Four in 1862. Four in 18G3. Four in 1864. What was the 
Valley Campaign ? Plow many times did Lee invade the North ? What 
battle preceded each invasion ? What battle checked each invasion ? 
What was the Red River expedition ? What was the result of it ? What 
was the great battle of tlie AVest ? What victory made Grant commander- 
in-chief of the Union Army ? How was possession of the Mis.sissippi River 
obtained ? What were blockade runners ? Why were Southern ports 
blockaded ? Wlio was President of the Confederate States of America ? 
Vice-President ? What State was first to secede ? Name a general on 
each side that fought a battle in Mississippi. Tennessee. Georgia. Mis- 
souri. Vii'ginia. Maryland. Louisiana. Pennsylvania. What were the 
results of the Civil W^ar ? 

Write what yon know of Stonewall Jack.son. General 
Thomas. General Lee. General Grant. 



214 



FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. 



Review Outline, 











' 


Lee. 






Jackson. 






A. S. Johnston. 




Confederate . . . - 


J. P. Johnxtoii. 

Beauregard. 

Bragg. 


PrincijMd 




^ Hood. 


Gt'ne}'aLs. 




Grant. 
Aleade. 
Thomas. 




Zhvi07l - 


IL'ol'er 






J X i_.'* /ft r / , 

Shernuoi. 






3IcC(e]lan. 




^ 


I^ope. 




1801 • 


Ifanassas. 
WJsn,rs Creel'. 




. 






^ Shiloh. 






Second' Manassas, 




18C2 ^ 


Sharj)sl)arg^ or 

Ant f eta in. 
Predericl'shurg. 
M nrfrecslioro. 


Prhicipal 
Battles. 




ChancellorsciUe. 


1868.. . ^ 


Gettysburg. 






Chicl'aniauga. 






Chattanooga. 




- ! 


' Sj)ottsf/Ir(r/iHf. 




18{)1: \ 


Cold Harbor. 






Atlanta. 
NashvUle. 




18(55 - 


Pichmond captured. 
Lee^s surrender. 



^^\^^ - Re 




FIRST PRESIDET^TS. 



1. Tlie eigliteeiitli Pi-esident of the United States was 
General Ulysses S. Grant, who was inaugurated in 1869. 
He served two terms. In 1870 the remaining three 
Southern States ^vere I'econstructed and re-admitted to 
tlie Union, l)ut tlie Federal army was kept in the Soutli 
to tlie end of his second term. 

2. During Johnson's administration two amendments 
^vere added to the Constitutiou : the Thirteenth, which 
legally abolished slavery, and the Fourteenth, which made 
ncLcroes citizens. Durino; Grant's administration the Fif- 
teenth Amendment was adopted, in oi'der to secure ne- 
srroes in the rio-lit to vote already aiven them. 

3. The principal events of Grant's administration were 



:^16 



FIFTH rEKlOl) : INDEFENDPZXCE. 



tlie c()in2^1etioii,of tlie Paciiic llaili'oa<l, tlie dcatli of Rob- 
ert E. Lee, the Chicago and Boston fires, the wars with 
the Modoc and Sionx Indians, the Centennial Exposition 
at Philadel2)hla, mid tlie disputed Presidential election 
of 1870. 

4. Phe Paciiic Railroad was tinished in 1861). It was 




^p^ 



WESTERN FORT AND TRADING POST. 



the iirst railroad l)uilt across the great western plains to 
San Erancisco. The (liicago fire took place in 1871, and 
the Boston fire in 1872. Each destroyed inncli valuable 
property and caused great suffering. 

5. Tlie Modoc AVar took ])lace in Oregon, in 1872, and 
the Sioux War in Dakota, in 187(3. It Avas durino^ the 



GRANT, HAYES, GARFIELD, AND ARTHUR. 



217 




RUTHERFORD B. HAYES 



Sioux War that the brave General 
Custer and his troops were sur- 
rounded and ]iiassaered, near the 
Big Horn Kiver, in Montana, by a 
large body of Indians under their 
chief, Sitting Bull. 

G. At the election of a successor 
to Grant, the Democratic candidate 
^va^ Samuel J. Tilden, of New York ; 
the Republican candidate was Euther- 
ford B. Hayes, of Ohio. Each party 
claimed that its candidate had been elected, and o-i'eat 
excitement prevailed. An electoral commission of fifteen 
^vas ap2)ointed to decide the question. The vote of this 
commission stood eiglit to seven in favor of Hayes, who 
became the nineteenth President. 

7. Hayes served one tei'in, during whicli there were 
railroad riots in Pennsylvania, and 
two ye]h)AV fever e[)Ideinics at points 
in the Mississippi Valley. The can- 
didates at the next election were 
James A. Garfield, nominated by the 
Bepublicans, and General Winfield 
Scott Hancock, by the Democrats. 
Garfield was elected, and became, 
upon his inauguration in 1881, the 
twentieth President. 

8. There was before liim every 




JAMES A. UARFIELD. 



218 



FIFTH rERIOI): INDEPENDENCE. 



2)i'ospect of ti peaceful, prosperous aduilnistration ; l)ut 
lie had l)een President scarcely four months, ^\llen lie 
was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, i\ disappohited office-^ 
seeker. About t^vo months after^vards he died from the 
effects of the Avound. 

9. Vice-President Chester A. Arthur, according to la\v, 
became President, and served the unexpired term. In 
his administration he manifested unexpected al)ility and 
wisdom. AYhile he was in office, the 

Brooklyn bridge, one of the largest 
in the woi'ld, ^v.-is completed between 
the cities of Brooklyn and New York. 

10. In 1884, tiie great AVorhPs 
Exposition at New Orleans was 
opened. For its accommodation were 
built the laro'est buildino-s ever erected 
in the United States. President 
Arthur set in motion the great ma- 
chinery in one of these l)uildings, l)y 
sending a current of electricity over the telegraph wires 
from Washington. 

11. In 1884, the presidential candidates of the two 
great political parties ^vere Grover Cleveland, of Ne^v 
York, nominated by the Democrats, and James (t. Blaine, 
of Maine, nominated by the Republicans. Cleveland was 
electe(k He Avas inaugurated in 1885, the twenty-second 
President of the United States, and the first Democratic 
President since Buchanan. 




CHESTEK A. AKTUUK. 



GRANT, HAYES, GARFIELD, AND ARTHUR. 



219 



Blackboard Form. 



Principal Events. 



^ 



5e 



^ 
^ 



Grant. 



Hayes. 

Garfield. 
Arthur, 



1869, 

1870, 
1871, 

1872, 



1876, 

1877, 
1877, 

1878, 
1879, 

1881, 
1884, 



Inauguration, 

Pacific Railroad completed. 

Death of Robert E. Lee. 

Chicago fire. 
r Boston fire, 
I Modoc War, 
r Centennial Exposition, 
\ Colorado admitted, 
\ Sioux War, 

Electoral Commission, 

Inauguration. 

Railroad riots. 

Yellow fever epidem ic. 

r Inauguration. 

L Assassination. 

r WorlcVs Exposition at iV 

1 Orleans. 



ew 



Questions.— Who was the eighteenth President of the United States? 
Nineteenth ? Twentieth ? Twenty-first ? When was Grant inaugurated ? 
How many terms did ho serve ? What was kept in the South all this 
time ? What three amendments had been made to the Constitution by the 
time Grant's second term expired ? What were the principal events of 
Grant's administration ? When was the Pacific Railroad completed ? 
When did the Chicago fire occur ? The Boston ? What two Indian wars 
took place while Grant was President ? What general lost his life in the 
Sioux War ? Wlien did this war occur ? Wiio was the Democratic can- 



220 FIFTH PEKIOD: INDEPENDENCE. 

didate opposed to Hayes ? What was the Electoral Commission ? What 
took place in Pennsylvania while Hayes was President ? What epidemics ? 
Who were the candidates to succeed Hayes ? Who was elected ? When 
inaugurated ? What happened to Garfield ? How did Arthur administer 
the affairs of the Government ? What two events occurred while Arthur 
was President ? What can you say of the World's Exposition at New 
Orleans? Who Avere the candidates of the two great parties in 1884? 
Who w^as elected ? Who was the last Democratic President before Cleve- 
land ? 

Write the Blackboard Form for Grant's administration. 
Hayes's. Garfield's. Arthur's. 



GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

Preparatory to the Study of Chapter LYH. 

Where is the ]Mississippi River ? What States between this river and the 
Alleghany Mountains ? Where is Florida ? xVlaska ? Texas ? Where is 
Lake Erie ? Hudson River ? Where is St. Louis ? Brooklyn ? Li what 
State is the mouth of the Mississippi ? Where is South Carolina ? 
Charleston ? 

CHAPTEE LVII. 

THE TAVENTY-SECOND, TWENTY-THIRD, TWENTY-FOURTH, AND 
TWENTY-FIFTH PRESIDENTS. 

1. Cleveland served twice as President of the United 
States. Plis two terms, however, were not in snecession 
as were those of the Presidents before him Avho had 
served two terms. 

2. Among the principal events of his first administra- 
tion were great labor strikes ; the death of a nnmber of 



CLEVELAND, HAERISON, CLEVELAND, AND MCKINLEY. 



221 



was 



emineut Americans, among wliom were Grant, McClellan, 
Vice-President Hendricks, Hancock, and Tilden ; the 
completion of the gigantic statue of lil)erty in New York 
harbor, presented loy the people of 
France to the people of America ; 
and the iVpache War. 

3. There also occurred a most 
remarkable earthquake in the south- 
eastern j)^i*t of the United States 
(1886). It did much damage at 
Charleston, South Carolina. 

4. When Cleveland's first admin- 
istration drew to a close, he 
again nominated by the 
Democrats, with Allan G. 
Thurman of Ohio as Vice- 
President. For President 
the Republicans nomi- 
nated General Benjamin 
Harrison of Indiana, 
grandson of President 2_ 
William Henry Harrison, 
and for Vice-President 
Levi P. Morton of Ne\v 
York. 

5. Althouo-h Cleveland 

o 

had administered the affairs of the Government with 
honesty and wisdom, he failed to please a number who 




STATUE OF LIBERTY, 



223 



FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. 



had voted for liim tlie first time he Avas a candidate. A 
small majority against him in the State of 'New York 
caused his defeat. 

6. Harrison served one term, at tlie end of which he 
was again nominated by the Kepublicans. Wliitelaw 
Eeid of New York Avas the Republican candidate for 
Vice-President. For tlie third time tlie Democrats nom- 
inated Grover Cleveland, and with him Adlai E. Steven- 
son of Illinois for Vice-President. 
Cleveland and Stevenson were 
elected (1892). 

7. While Hariison was Presi- 
dent, the United States was drawn 
into controversies witli Germany, 
Chile, and Italy. Tlie first was 
caused by Germany's attempt to 
gain control oftheSamoan Islands. 
To this the United States objected. 
The second resulted from the mur- 
der of two United States sailors 
and the wound iiiix of eiditeen h\ a mob at Valparaiso 
(October 17, 1891). The United States demanded and 
received full reparation for this outrage. The third was 
caused by tlie lynching of several Italians in New Orleans 
(Marck 14, 1891). As was proper, the United States 
made rej^aration to tke families of the men who had been 
executed. 

8. While Harrison Wc%s President six new States were 




GROVER CLEVELAND. 



CLEVELAND, HARRISOX, CLEVELAND, AND McKINlEY. 23B 



admitted to tlie Union. These were Nortli Dakota, 
Soutli Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyo- 
ming. The one hundredth anniversary of Washington's 
inauguration as first President of tlie United States was 
celebrated with many imposing ceremonies in New York 
City, April 30, 1889. 

9. An event that occupied widespread attention 
throughout the Union was the 
death, in the city of New Orleans, 
December 0, 1889, of Jefferson 
Davis, after a Ion or and eventful 
life. He had been a distinofuished 
soldier in the Black Hawk and 
Mexican Wars, United States 
Senator from Mississippi, Secre- 
tary of War while Pierce was 
President, and had long stood 
foremost as one of the leading 
statesmen of the country. When 
the South seceded from the Union 
he was elected President of the Southern C^onfederacy. 
After the war, he made his home on the gulf coast of 
the State of Mississippi, where he lived quietly the re- 
mainder of his life. His funeral rites Avere conducted 
upon the grandest scale ever beheld in the South, and 
showed the esteem in which he was held by his people. 
More than 200,000 assembled to view tlie funeral proces- 
sion, in ^vdnch there were more than 30,000, from ever>' 




BENJAMIN HARRISON. 



224 FIFTH PERIOt): INDEPENDENCE. 

section of tlie South, ^vllo came for the s])ecial purpose 
of taking part in the last sad ceremonies. 

10. The principal events of Cleveland's second ad- 
ministration were: the holding of tlie Columbian Expo- 
sition at Cliicago (1893) ; the great labor strike centering 
in Chicago (1894); the visit to this country of the 
celebrated Chinese statesman, Li Hung Chang (1896); 
and tlie admission of Utah as a State (189G). The pro- 
posal to annex the Hawaiian Islands to the United 
States, and the efforts made by the Cubans to win by 
revolution their independence from Spain, also occupied 
much of the attention of the American people. 

11. As successors to Cleveland and Stevenson the 
Democrats nominated William Jenninixs Brvan of Ne- 
braska for President, and Arthur Sewall of Maine for 
Vice-President. The Republicans nominated William 
McKinley of Ohio and Garrett A. Ilobart of New Jerse}'. 
The campaign of 1896 closed with the election of 
McKinley, avIio Avas inaugurated March 4, 1897. 

Questions. — How many tcrins did Cleveland serve ? What "vvere the 
principal events of his first term ? Wlio were the next Democratic candi- 
dates for President and Vice-President ? Republican candidates ? Who 
were elected ? Who were the successful candidates in 1892 ? With what 
three nations did tlie United States have controversies ? What States were 
admitted ? Wiiat was celebrated ? Tell what you know of Jefferson Davis ? 
What were the principal events of Cleveland's second term ? What also 
occupied the attention of the peo])le ? Who were the candidates in the 
election of 1806 ? Who were elected ? 

Write the Blackboard Form for this Chapter. 



CLEVELAND, HAKRISON, CLEVELAND, AND McKINLEY. 



225 






1885, 

I88r), 

1887, 



1889, 



^ 
S 



Blackboard Form. 

Principal Events. 

Ina II git rat ion. 

r Grant. 
Death of^ McCneUan. 
[ Hendricks. 
Charleston earth qiyahe. 
Apache War, 

^ Inauguration. 

Samoan controversy. 

r North, Dcikota. 

, ^ . . j.\ South Dakota. 
Admission of 4 ^^ ^ 

Montana. 

I Washington. 
{ IdaJio. 



1890, A 



dmission of ^ ^ry^,l,i,,g^ 

j Italian controversy. 
1891, ^ Chilean controversy. 

1898, Death of \ J^^^'^* . 
' • ( Beauregccrd. 



( Inauguration. 

1893, I Columbian Exposition. 

1894, Lcdwr strikes. 
^ ^ I ( Utah admitted. 
^ ^ t ^^^^'' \ Li Hung Changs visit. 






15 



326 



FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE 



CHAPTEK LVITL 



THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY. 



1. You now know some of the changes that Lave 
occurred in tliis country from tlie time of the Discovery 
by Columbus to the election of President McKinley. 
You have read how the country was explored, then 
colonized, and how the thirteen English colonies, occu- 
pying at first a narrow strip along the Atlantic coast, 
have spread westward, growing in population and in- 
creasing in size, until the United States came to l)e ^vhat 
it now is. 

2. First, the French and Indian War gave the colo- 
nists undisputed i-ight to the territory between the Al- 
leghany Mountains and the MississipjDi Piver ; and after 

independence was won, this ter- 
ritory was increased first by the 
Louisiana purchase, then by the 
Florida cession, the Texas an- 
nexation, the Mexican cession, 
the Gadsden ])Ui*chase, and the 
purchase of Ahiska. 

3. While tlie country has 
been growing in size and popu- 
lation, many improvements have 
been made and o^reat inventions 
given to the Avorld. Among the 




WILLIAM MclUNLEY, 



THE rXITED STATES OF TO-DAY. 



227 



improvements may be mentioned the Erie Canal, in the 
State of New York, connecting Lake Erie and the Hnd- 
son River ; the great bridges over the Mississippi River 
at St. Louis ; the Brookl^'n Bridge over East River ; and 
the Jetties, built by Captain James B. Eads, at the mouth 




THE JKTTIES AT THE MOUTH OF THE MIssl-^Sll 



of the Mississippi River, enabling the largest ocean vessels 
to enter from the Gulf. 

4. Among other improvements and inventions may be 
mentioned the first steamboat, designed by Robert Ful- 
ton, in 1807; tlie first raih'oad, built in 1827; the first 
locomotive, built in 1830 by Peter Cooper and used on 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad; the machine-reaper, 
or harvester, invented by McCormick in 1834; the sew- 
ing machine, in 1845, by Elias Ho^ve ; the telegraph, by 



228 



FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. 



Professor Morse, in 1844 ; tlie cylinder printing press, by 
Hoe, in 1847; the telephone, l)y Bell, in 1870; and the 
electric light, l)y Edison, in 1<S79. 

5. Before the year 1798, very little cotton Avas raised, 
on account of the difficulty of separating the lint from 
the seed. In that year, Eli Whitney invented the cotton 




A MODERN SHIP OF WAR. 



gin, and the importance of this invention is seen ^^dlen it 
is known that almost ten million l)ales of cotton are now 
I'aised every year. 

6. Before the invention of ]\[cCorniiclv's reapei', grain 
could be raised only to a limited extent, owing to the 
o:reat labor reciuired in cutting and li^athering the ci'op. 



THE UNITED STATES OF TO-DAY. 229 

The macTiine-reaper gave to the farmers of the country 
such increased power to harvest grain that they are no\A' 
able to sow a greater nuinl^er of acres. With larger pro- 
duction, food has become cheaper, and the United States 
can now supply the world from the abundance left after 
the needs of onr own people have been met. 

7. For the rest of this period and for the remaining 
events of McKinley's administration, the boys and girls 
^vho are studying this histoiy must go to the many ncAVS- 
papers that are published. Events that are now happen- 
ing are called " current events," and it is only by reference 
to the newspapers that knowledge of them may be 
obtained, and the intelligent interest cultivated, which 
every one who is to be a citizen of this Republic should 
feel in the great questions of the clay. 

Questions. — How many English colonies were there ? What purchase 
first increased the size of the United States ? What was the next territory 
acquired? AVhat territory was annexed? What territory ceded by Mexico? 
What two purchases were made ? Name four great improvements that 
have been made. Where are the jetties ? Who constructed them ? Name 
some great inventions by Americans. AVhen was the first steamboat built ? 
By whom ? The first railroad built ? The first locomotive ? By whom ? 
When was the telegraph invented ? By whom ? Who invented the sewing- 
machine ? Cylinder printing press ? Cotton gin ? When was it invented ? 
Why is this invention to be regarded a great one ? Why was McCormick's 
reaper so important an invention ? 



230 FIFTH period: INDEPENDENCE. 

GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

Name the Spanish discoverers and tell what each did. French discov- 
erers. English. 

Name ten men connected with the colonizing of America. 

Name the thirteen English colonies in the order of their settlement. 

Name seven Indian wars. 

Name two wars in United States History caused by disputed territory. 

Name three wars caused by colonial jealousies. 

Name five Indians who are famous in United States History. 

Give the results of the following wars: French and Indian. War of 1812. 
Tripolitan. Mexican. 

Name ten naval battles mentioned in United States History, and tell in 
what war each took place. 

Give the causes of the following wars : Revolution. War of 1812. Mexi- 
can. The AVar for Southern Independence. 

What was the lost colony of America ? 

Name all the explorers connected with the Mississippi River. 

When was Charleston founded ? Captured by the British ? Visited by 
an earthquake ? 

Wiien was New Orleans founded ? A battle fought there ? Captured by 
the Unionists ? 

Where did Cornwallis surrender? What Union general was held in 
check at tiuit place for a montli ? 

What territory has been added to the thirteen colonies ? 

Who was the first President of the United States ? 

Who is now President ? 

Wiiat Presidents served two terms ? 

Name four " accidental " Presidents. 

What two Presidents died in office ? Were assassinated ? 

By what name is the Republican party founded by Thomas Jefferson 
now known ? 

What party was at first opposed to it ? What party next ? What party 
now ? 

Name some great public improvements that have been made since Wash- 
ington was President. 

What proclamatioji did Lincoln issue? 



GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 281 

Name five great inventions by Americans. 
Name the Presidents in their order. 
Who was President at the time of: 

The bombardment of Fort Sumter ? 

The annexation of Texas ? 

Tiie purcliase of Louisiana ? 

The invention of the telegraph ? 

The Sioux War ? 

The battle of New Orleans ? 

The Whisky Rebellion ? 

The Missouri Compromise ? 

The Gadsden Purchase ? 

The Charleston earthquake ? 

The raid of John Brown ? 

The War of 1812 ? 

The burning of the Philadelphia ? 

The purchase of Florida ? 

The death of Cla}', Calhoun, and Webster? 

The purchase of Alaska ? 

The expedition of Lewis and Clark ? 

The admission of Texas ? 

Tlie Kansas struggrle ? 

The bombardment of Fort Sumter? 

Tlie Seminole War ? 

The World's Exposition ? 

The Trent affair ? 

The battle of San Jacinto ? 

The invention of the cotton gin ? 

The death of Grant ? 

The discovery of gold in California ? 

The Webster-Ashburton treaty ? 

The battle of Lake Erie ? 

Write a list of the twenty-five g^reatest names in United 
States History, and tell why you think them the most famous. 



APPENDIX. , 

Tt)e Declaratioi) of Ii^dcpei^dei^ce. 

In Congress. July 4, 1776. 

The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of 

America. 

When, in the course of luimaii events, it becomes necessary for one people 
to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, 
and to assume, among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station 
to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent 
respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the 
causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal, 
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; 
that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to 
secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their 
just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of 
government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people 
to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its founda- 
tion on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, a-* to them 
shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, in- 
deed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed 
for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shown 
that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferal)k', than to 
light themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. 
But wlicn a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably tlie 
same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it 
is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide 
new guards for their future security. — Such lias been the patient sufferance 



234 APPENDIX. 

of these colonies; and sucli is now the necessity which constrains them to 
alter their former systems of government. The history of the present 
king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all 
having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these 
States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary 
for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing 
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be 
obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large 
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre- 
sentation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to 
tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, 
and distant from the depository of tiieir public records, for the sole pur- 
pose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, wnth 
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to 
be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, 
have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, 
in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and 
convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of tliese States ; for that 
purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to 
pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions 
of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent 
to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their 
offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the 
consent of our leaislatures. 



APPENDIX. 235 

He lias affected to render the military independent of and superior to 
the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our 
constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their 
acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders 
which they should commit on the inhabitants of tiiese States: 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent: 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences: 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, 
establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, 
«o as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the 
same absolute rule into these colonies: 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
altering fundamentally the forms of our governments: 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, 
and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with 
circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most bar- 
barous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to 
bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their 
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He lias excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to 
bring on the inhabitants, of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, 
whose known rule of w^arfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the 
most humble terms: our repeated petitions have been answered only by 



23(5 APPENDIX. 

repeated injury. A prince, Avhose character is thus marked b}^ every act 
wliicli may define a tyrant, is unfit to be tlie ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We 
have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to ex- 
tend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of 
the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have ap- 
pealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured 
them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, 
which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. 
They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We 
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, 
and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace 
friends. 

We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in 
general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by authority 
of the good people of these colonics, solemnly publish and declare, That 
these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and 
that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain 
is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent 
States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, 
establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent 
States may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm 
reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each 
other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

John Hancock. 

New Hampshire — Josiah Bartlett, Wm. Whipple, Matthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay — Saml. Adams, John Adams, Robt. Treat Paine, El- 
bridge Gerry. 

Rliode Island — Step. Hopkins, William EUery. 

Connecticut — Roger Sherman, Sam'el Huntington, Wm. Williams, Oliver 
Wolcott. 

New York — AVm. Floyd, Phil. Livingston, Frans. Lewis, Lewis Morris. 

Neic Jersey — Richd. Stockton, Jno. Witherspoon, Fras. Hopkinson, John 
Hart, Abra. Clark. 



APPENDIX. 237 

Pennsyhania — Robt. Morris, Beujamin Rush, Benja. Franklin, John 
Morton, Geo. Clymer, Jas. Smith, Geo. Taylor, James Wilson, Geo. Ross, 

Delaware— Cdd?>'M' Rodney, Geo. Read, Tho. M'Kean. 

Maryland — Samuel Chase, Wm. Paca, Thos. Stone, Charles Carroll of 
Carroll ton. 

Virginia — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Th. Jefferson, Benja. Harri- 
son, Thos. Nelson, Jr., Francis Liglitfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina — Wm. Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 

South Carolina — Edward Rutledge, Thos. Heyward, Junr., Thomas 
Lynch, Junr., Artliur Middleton. 

Georgia- -^xxiion Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, Geo. Walton. 



Ii^dex. 



PAGE 

Abercrombie, General 8K, 91 

Abraham, Plains of 93 

Acadia H^, 83 

Acts of Trade 100 

Adams, John 136 

Adams, John Quincy 156 

Alabama admitted . ." 15? 

Alabama explored 28 

Alabama secedes 184 

Alabama, cruiser 304 

Alamo captured 167 

Alaska purchased 212 

Albemarle, Duke of . . 72 

Allen, Colonel Ethan 109 

America, discovery of 12 

America named 20 

Amherst, General (-8, 92 

Amidas, Philip 42 

Arapudia, General 170 

Anderson, Major 185 

Andie, Major John 126 

Andros, Governor 64 

Annapolis convention 132 

Annapolis founded 70 

Antietam, battle of 200 

Apache War • 221 

Appomattox, surrender at 208 

Arista, General 169 

Arkansas admitted 159 

Arkansas explored 29 

Arkansas secedes 186 

Arnold, General 113, 120, 126 

Arthur, Chester A 218 

Ashburton, Lord . . 165 

Assembly, Colonial 52 

Atlanta captured 206 

Atlantic cable 176 

Bacon's Rebellion 53 

Bahama Islands 12 

Bainbridge, Commodore 147 

Balboa 22, 23 

Baltimore founded 70 

Baltimore, Lord 69 

Banks. General 196 

Baratarians 152 

Barlow, Arthur 42 

Baum, Colonel 119 

Beaujeu 76 

Beauregard, General 185, 189, 193 

Bell, A. Graham 228 

Bell, John 181 

Bennington, battle of 1 19 



PAGE 

Berkeley, Governor 53, .54 

Berkeley, Lord 66 

Bienville 76 

Black Hawk War 158 

Blaine, James G 218 

Blockade in the South 205 

Booth, J. Wilkes 210 

Boston fire 216 

Boston founded 60 

Boundary treatv 165 

Braddock, General 88, 89 

Bragg, General 194 

Brandywine, battle of 116 

Brattleboro (Vt.) foundetl 65 

Breckenridge, John C 181 

Breed's Hill, battle of 108 

Bristol, England 17 

Brock. General 141 

Brooklyn Bridge 227 

Brown, General 141, 1 45 

Brown, John 183 

Buchanan, James 17'5 

Buell, (General 193 

Buena Vista, battle of 170 

Bull Run, first battle of 18'J, 190 

Bull Run, second battle of 200 

Bunker Hill 109 

Burgesses, House of 52 

Burgoyne, General 113, 119 

Burnside, General 201 

Business panic of '37 163 

Cabot, John 17 

Cabot, Sebastian 1 7. 18 

Calhoun, John C 175, 176 

California admitted 175 

Calvert, Cecil , 69 

Calvert, George 69 

Camden, battle of 121 

Canary Islands 11 

Canonicus 63 

Cape Breton Island 18 

Cape Cod discovered 33 

Carolina divided ... 73 

" Carpet-baggers " 212 

Carteret, Lord 66 

Cartier, explorer 31 

Castanada, Captain 167 

Centennial, Washington's 223 

Cerro Gordo, battle of 172 

Chalmette, battle of 153 

Champlain, explorer 32 

Chaucellorsville, battle of 201 



240 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Chapu.tepec, battle of 1T2 

Charleston attacked 115 

Charleston founded 7'2 

Charter Oak 05 

Chattanooga, battles of 195 

Chesapeake Bay entered 4(5 

Chicat^'o tire '-ill) 

Chickaniauga, battle of 104 

Chiekasaw Bluff 32 

Chippewa, battle of 145 

Clarendon, Lord 72 

Clark, explorer 138 

Clav, Henry ITU, 180 

Clav borne, William , 09 

Cleveland,. Grover 22J-224 

Clinton, (ieneral 114, 128 

Cold Harl)or, battle of 207 

Colonial wais 83 

Columbus 9-20 

Confederate States organized 184 

Congress, First Continental 103 

Congi-ess, Second Continental 109 

Connecticut charter 64 

Connecticut settled 5j, 03 

Consfitutioii framed 132 

Constitutional amendments 211 

Cooper, Peter 227 

Cornwallis, Lord 113, 110,123, 128 

Cortez 22 

Cotton gin invented 2-28 

Cowpens, battle of . 123 

Croatan 45 

Croghan, Major 144 

Cross Keys, battle of 199 

Crown Point captured 92, 109 

Cuba, discoverv of 14 

Cuniberhmd, Fort 90 

Custer, General 217 

Dare, Virginia 43 

Davis, explorer 33 

Davis, Jefferson 184, 212, 223 

De Beaujeu, army otbcer 91 

De Beaujeu, naval officer 76 

Decatur 137, 147, 157 

Declaration of Independence 113, 233 

Declaration of Eights 103 

De Kalb 1 12, 121 

Delaware settled 66 

De Leon 22, 20 

Democratic party 158 

De Soto 22, 27 

Detroit surrendered 142 

Dinwiddle, Governor Kobert 85 

Donelson, Fort 193 

Dorr's Kebellion 104 

Douglas. Stephen A 181 

Dover (N. II.) Pettled 65 

Downie. Commodore 148 

Drake, Sir Francis 33, 43 

Dn Quesne, Fort 89 

Eads, Captain James B 227 

Earthquake, Charleston 221 



PACK 

Edison, invc ntor 228 

Election dispute 216 

Electoral Commission 217 

Electric light invented 228 

Elizabeth," Queen 43 

Elizabethtown (N. J.) settled 66 

Emancipation Proclamation 210 

Emucfau, battle of 152 

Erie canal 227 

Eutaw Springs, battle of 124 

Exposition, Centennial 216 

Exposition, World's 218 

Farragut, Commodore 196 

Federalist paitv 136 

Field. Cvnis \V 177 

Fillmore, ^Nlillaid 175 

Florida admitted 164 

Florida discovered 26 

Florida explored 28 

Florida purchased 157 

Florida secedes 184 

Foote, Commodoie 193 

Fort Caroline (Fla.) 40 

Fort Necessity 87 

Fort Orange (N. Y.) settled 55 

Fort Sumter surrendered 186 

Fountain of Youth 26 

Franklin, Benjamin 113 

Fredericksburg, battle of 201 

Fremont, Captain John C 170 

Frenchtown massacre 143 

Frobisher, explorer 33 

Fulton, Robert 227 

Gadsden Purchase 176 

Gage, General 105, 107 

Garfield, James A 217 

Gates, General 113, 119 

Genoa 10 

Georgia explored 28 

Georgia secedes " 184 

Georgia settled 73 

(iermantown, battle ol 116 

Gettvsburg. battle of 201 

(Jhi'iit, treatv of 150 

(^old, discoverv of 172 

Gonzales, battle of 167 

Good feeling, era of 157 

Gosnold ... 33, 48 

Gourges, Dominic de 41 

Grant, General 192, 195, 205 

Grant, I'resirleiU 215 

Great Lakes explored 32 

Great IVIeadows, battle of 87 

Great Woods 85 

Greene, General 1 1 3, 123 

Green Mountain Bovs 1 10, 119 

Green, Rev. Roger 72 

Gnadalu{)e Hidalgo, treaty of 172 

Guanahani 13 

Guilford Court House, l)attle of 124 

Guiteau, Charles J 218 



INDEX. 



241 



PAGE 

Hanging Rock, battle of 122 

Hancock, General W. S -^17, 221 

Harper's Ferry cajitureil 200 

Harrison, General W. H 140, 144 

Harrison, President W. II 163 

Harrison, Benjamin 221, 223 

Hartford founded 63 

Hayes, Rutherford B 217, 225 

Hayti, discovery of 14 

Hendi'icks, death of 221 

Henry, Fort 193 

Henry, Patrick 102 

Hessian soldiers 116 

Hispaniola 14 

Hobkirk's Hill, bai tk- of 124 

Hoe, inventor 228 

Hood, General 206 

Hooker, General 201 

Horseshoe Bend, battle ol 152 

Houston, General Sam 167 

Howe Ellas 227 

Howe, General 1 13, 116 

Hudson, Henry 34 

Huguenots 40, 72 

Hull, Captain Isaac 147 

Hull, General 141 

Hutchinson, Anne 61 

Iberville 76 

Illinois admitted 157 

Illinois explored 22 

Impressment of sailors 140 

Indiana admitted 139 

Indians named 13 

Iowa admitted 169 

Isabella, Queen 11 

Isabella's settlement 14 

Isthmus of Darien 15 

Jack, Captain 00 

Jackson, Geneial Andrew 141, 150 

Jackson, President 156, 158 

Jackson, General "Stoiu'wall ■' 11)0, 200, 201 

Jamaica, discovery of 15 

James River named 46 

Jamestown founded 47 

Jasper, Sergeant 115 

JeflEerson, Thomas 114, 158 

Jetties, Mississippi River 227 

Johnson, Andrew, President 21 1 

Johnston, General A. S 193 

Johnston, General J. E 189, 199, 205 

Joliet 32 

Jumonville 87 

Kansas admitted 176 

Kansas-Nebraska Bill 180 

Kansas struggle 180 

Kearney, General 170 

Kearsarge, war-ship 205 

Kentneky admitted 138 

King ( icorgf's War 83 

King William's War 83 

Kosciusko 112 

16 



I PAGE 

I Labrador discovered 18 

Lafayette, (ieneral 112, 127 

Lafitte 152 

Lake Champlain, battle of 148 

Lake Erie, battle of 147 

I Lane, Governor Rii\[)h 43 

I La Salle, explorer 32, 75 

I Lawrence, Captain 147 

Lee, Colonel Henry 113, 122 

Lee, (ieneral Robert 1': 199-208, 216 

Lee, Richard Henry 113 

Leisler, Captain . . / 57 

Lewis, explorer 138 

Lexington, battle of 107 

Liberty Bell 114 

Liberty, statue of 221 

Lincoln, Abraham 181, 209, 210 

Lincoln, General 1 13, 120, 132 

Livingstone, foreign miiiistiT IgS 

Locomotive, first America i 227 

London Co!nj)anv 46 

Long Island, battle of 115 

LookfKit iMountain, battle (. 195 

Lords Proprietors 72 

Lost colony, 45 

Louisburg capture( 1 83 

Louisiana admitted 139 

Louisiana explored 30 

Louisiana named 33 

Louisiana purchased 138 

Louisiana secedes 1^ 

Lundy's Lane, battle of 145 

Macdonough, Commodor<4 148 

Macomb, General '. 145 

McClellan, General 197-201 

McCormick, inventor 227 

Mcculloch, General 192 

McDowell, General 189, 198 

McHenrv, Fort 145 

Madison, James 134, 138 

Magellan... 22 

Magruder, (ieneral 198 

Maine admitted 157 

Maine settled 65 

Malvern Hill, battle of 200 

Manassas, battle of 189 

Manhattan Island occujaed 55 

Mansfield, battle of 196 

Marion, General 1 13, 122 

Marquette 32 

Maryland explored 18 

Maryland named 69 

Maryland settled 69 

Masoii, James M 210 

Mason & Dixon's Line 71 

Massachusetts Bay Colony 60 

Massasoit ~ 59 

Matagorda Bay 76 

Matamoras captured 170 

Mayflower, ship 59 

Meade, (ieneral 201 

Meigs, Fort 143 

Menendez . 40 



242 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Mexican treaty K2 

Mexican War ITO 

Mexico City captured 172 

Micliigan jtdniitted 1 "j9 

Minis, Fort 150 

Minuesotii admitted 1T(3 

Minute men 103 

Missionary Ilidue, battle of 195 

JNIississippi admitted 157 

Mississippi scci'des 184 

Mississippi \{\\vv discovered 29 

Mississippi Kiver explored 32 

Missouri admitted 157 

Missouri Compromise 179 

Mobile explored 28 

Modoc War 216 

Molino del Key, battle of 172 

Monitor and Merrimac 205 

Monmouth, battle of 117 

Monroe, James, commissioner 138 

Monroe, James, President 156 

Montana admitted 223 

Montcalm, General 88. 93 

Monterey captured 170 

Montreal, explored 31 

Moore, Colonel 167 

Morgan. General 113, 120, 123 

Morristown, Washington at 116 

Morse, Professor 228 

Morton, Levi P 221 

Moultrie, Colonel 115 

Moultrie, Fort 115 

Murfreesboro, battle of 194 

Narragansett Indians 64 

Nashville, battle of 207 

Navigation Act 100 

Nebraska admitted 212 

Nevada admitted 209 

New Albion 33 

New Amstenlaui settleil 55 

New England explored 34 

Newfoundlaiul discovered 18 

New France named 32 

New Haven founded 64 

New Jersey named 66 

New Jersey settled 55 

New Netherland named 55 

New Orleans, l)attle of 151, 153 

New Orleans captureil 196 

New Orleans founded 77 

New Sweden (Delaware) 66 

Niagara, Fort, captured 92 

Niiia, ship 9 

North America, discovery of 18 

North Carolina explored 43 

North Carolina secedes 186 

North Carolina settled 7'2 

North Dakota admitted 223 

Northwest territory ceded 133 

Nullification Act 162 

Oglethorpe, James , 73 

Ohio River discovered 32 



PAGE 

Opecancanongh, Indian chief 49 

Ordinance of 1787 133 

Ordinance of Secession 184 

Oregon admitted 176 

Oregon explored 33 

Orinoco Kiver 15 

Orleans, Territory of 139 

Osceola, Indian chief 158 

Pacific Ocean discovered 22 

Pacific Railroad 216 

Pakenham, ({eneral 153 

Palo Alto, battle of 170 

Palos 9 

Parker, Captain 106 

Partisan leaders 122 

Paulding, John 126 

Penn, William 66 

Penn's Elm 67 

Penn's treaty C8 

Pensacola captured 152 

Pequot War 64 

Perry, ( Ouimodore 147 

Philadelpliia founded 67 

Philadelphia, frigate 187 

Philip, King 61 

Phillips, (General 127 

Pickens, General 113, 122 

Pierce, Franklin 175 

Pike, General 143 

Pilgrims named 59 

Pinzons, ship captains 9 

Phita, ship 9 

Pitcairn, Major 106 

Pitcher, Molly 117 

Pittsburg Landing 193 

Pizarro 22 

Plattsburg, battle of 145 

Pleasant Hill, battle of 196 

Plymouth settled 59 

Pocahontas 49 

Polk, James K 169 

Pontiac, Indian chief 95 

Pope, (ieneral 230 

Port Hudson captured 196 

Port Republic, battle of 199 

Port Royal, settlement of 39 

Porto Rico 25 

Portsmouth founded 65 

Powhattan, Indian chief 47 

Preble, Commodore 137 

Prevost, General 1 45 

Price, General 192 

Prideanx, General 92 

Princeton, battle of 116 

Prhiting press. Hoe's cylinder 228 

Proctor, General 1 11, 143 

Prophet, Indian chief 140 

Pulaski, Count 112 

Puritans 58 

Putnam, General 1 13, 115 

Quakers . 67 

Quebec captured 93, 94 



INDEX. 



243 



PAGE 

Quebec founded 32 

Queen Anne's War 83 

Queenstown, battle of 142 

Railroad, first American 228 ; 

Railroad riots 217 

Raleigh, Sir Walter. . .-. 43 ; 

Ratcliff, colonial President 49 

Rawdon, Lord 124 

Reaping machine 227 

Reconstruction Acts ... 211 

Republican party 181 

Resaca de la Raima, battle of 170 

Revere, Paul 106 

Ribault, John 40 

Richmond captured 208 

Ripley, General 145 

River of May 40 

Roanoke Island settled •. 43 

Rolfe, John 51 

Rosecranz, General 194 

Ross, (ieneral 141 

Salem (Mass.) settled 60 

Samoan controversy 222 

Samoset, Wampanoag Indian 59 

San Jacinto, battle of 167 

San Salvador 13 

Santa Anna, General 1.17, 170 

Santa Fe founded 38 

Santa Maria 9 

Sanvolle, Governor 76 

Saratoga, battles of 119 

Savannah attacked 121 

Savannah founded 73 

Schuvler, General 113, 119 

Scotf, General 141. M.l, 170, 172 

Seaman, Great (Cabot) 19 

Seminole War 158 

Settlement, first English 47 

Settlement, first French 39 

Settlement, first Spanish 38 

Seven Pines, battle of 199 

Sewing machine invented 227 

Sharpsburg, battle of 200 

Shays's Rebellion 132 

Sherman, General 1J5, 207 

Shiloh, battle of 193, 195 

Sioux War 216 

Sitting Bull, Indian chief 217 

Slavery 178 

Slaves introduced 52 

Slidell, John 210 

Smith, Captain John 18, 51 

South America, discovery ot' 15 

South Carolina secedes. .' 184 

South Carolina settled 40, 72 

South Dakota admitted 223 

Spottsvlvania, battle of 207 

Stamp Act 100 

Standish, Captain Miles 59 

Stark. Colonel 119 

St. Augustine founded 38 

Steamboat invented 227 



PAGE 

Stephens, Alexander H 184 

Stephenson, Fort 144 

Steuben, German officer 112, 117 

Stevenson, A., Vice-President 222 

Stillwater, battle of 1 19 

St. Louis bridges. 227 

St. Mary's (Md. ) settled 69 

Stockton, Commodore 170 

Stono Ferry, battle of 121 

Strikes, labor 220 

Stiiyvesant, Governor Peter .56, 66 

Sumter, General i 13, 122 



Talladega, battle of 

Tariff 

Tarleton, Colonel 

Taylor, General Richard 

Taylor, General Zachary iu9- 

Tajdor, President 

Tea Partv. Boston 

Tea tax 

Tecumseh, chief 140. 

Telegi-aph invented 

Telephone invented 

Tennessee admitted . . 

Tennessee secedes 

Texas admitted 

Texas annexed 

Texas secedes 

Thames, battle of 

Thomas, General ]'.)4, 

Thui-man, Allen G 

Ticonderoga, battle of 

Ticonderoga captured 92, 

Tilden, Samuel J 217, 

Tippecanoe, battle of 

Tobacco culture 

Tories 

Treaty with France 

Trent affair 

Triana, Rodrigo 

Tripoli, war with 

Tyler, President 163. 

Tyranny defined 



Valley Campaign 198 

Valley Forge 117 

"\'an Buren, President 163 

Van Rensselaer, General 141 

Van Wert, Isaac 126 

Vera Cruz captiu'ed 1 72 

Vermont admitted 138 

Verrazano 31 

Vespucius, Americus 19 

Vicksburg captured 196 

Virginia massacre 53 

Virginia named 43 

Virginia secedes 186 

Virginia settled 46 

Wadsworth, William 65 

Waldsee-Muller 20 

Walloons 55 

War of 1812 140 



1.52 
160 
12:B 
196 
171 
175 
101 
100 
145 
228 
228 
138 
186 
168 
164 
184 
145 
195 
221 

91 
109 
221 
140 

51 
110 
117 
210 

12 
137 
164 



244 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Wasliington City captured 145 

Washington Citv made capital 187 

Wa!*liinfiton, Comniander-in-cliicf ..109-120. 128 

Wasliington, (George 85-88 

Washington, President i;«-136 

Washington State admitted 2-23 

Webster, Daniel 105 

West Virginia admitted 209 

Whigs 110 

Whisky Rebellion 130, 154 

White, Governor John 43 

White Plains, battle of 115 

Whitney, Eh 228 

Wilderness, battles of the 207 



PAGE 

William Henrv, Fort 91 

Williams, David 126 

Williams, Rev. Roger 60 

Williamsburg, battle of 198 

Wilson's Creek, battle of 192 

Winchester, General 143 

Windsor (Conn.) settled 63 

Wingfield, Edward 47 

Wisconsin admitted 169 

Witchcraft superstition 61 

Wolfe, Genera] 88, 93, 94 

Yeardley, Sir George 52 

Yorktown, battle of 128 



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